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soc real world ch 3
Sociology The Real World Stein Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| access | The process by which an ethnographer gains entry to a field setting. |
| applied research | Research designed to allow the researcher to use what is learned to create some sort of change. |
| basic research | The search for knowledge without any agenda or desire to use that knowledge to effect change. |
| bias | An opinion held by the researcher that might affect the research or analysis. |
| causation | A relationship between variables in which a change in one directly produces a change in the other. |
| closed-ended question | A question asked of a respondent that imposes a limit on the possible responses. |
| code of ethics | Ethical guidelines for researchers to consult as they design a project. |
| comparative and historical methods | Methods that use existing sources to study relationships between elements of society in various regions and time periods. |
| confidentiality | The assurance that no one other than the researcher will know the identity of a respondent. |
| content analysis | A method in which researchers identify and study specific variables—such as words—in a text, image, or media message. |
| control | In an experiment, the process of regulating all factors except for the independent variable. |
| control group | The part of a test group that is allowed to continue without intervention so that it can be compared with the experimental group. |
| correlation | A relationship between variables in which they change together. May or may not be causal. |
| deception | The extent to which the participants in a research project are unaware of the project or its goals. |
| dependent variable | Factor that is changed by the independent variable. |
| double-barreled questions | Questions that attempt to get at multiple issues at once and so tend to receive incomplete answers. |
| ethnography | A naturalistic method based on studying people in their own environment in order to understand the meanings they attribute to their activities; also the written work that results from the study. |
| existing sources | Any data that have already been collected and are available for future research. |
| experimental group | The part of a test group that receives the experimental treatment. |
| experiments | Formal tests of specific variables and effects, performed in a controlled setting where all aspects of the situation can be controlled. |
| fieldnotes | Detailed notes taken by an ethnographer describing her activities and interactions, which later become the basis of the ethnographic analysis. |
| grounded theory | An inductive method of generating theory from data by creating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships between categories. |
| Hawthorne effect | A specific example of reactivity, in which the desired effect is the result not of the independent variable, but of the research itself. |
| hypothesis | A theoretical statement explaining the relationship between two or more phenomena. |
| independent variable | Factor that is predicted to cause change. |
| informed consent | A safeguard through which the researcher makes sure that respondents are freely participating and understand the nature of the research. |
| institutional review board | A group of scholars within a university who meet regularly to review and approve the research proposals of their colleagues and make recommendations for how to protect human subjects. |
| intervening variable | A third variable, sometimes overlooked, that explains the relationship between two other variables. |
| interviews | Face-to-face, information-seeking conversation, sometimes defined as a conversation with a purpose. |
| leading questions | Questions that predispose a respondent to answer in a certain way. |
| Likert scale | A way of organizing categories on a survey question so that the respondent can choose an answer along a continuum. |
| literature review | A thorough search through previously published studies relevant to a particular topic. |
| negative questions | Survey questions that ask respondents what they don't think instead of what they do. |
| objectivity | Impartiality, the ability to allow the facts to speak for themselves. |
| open-ended question | A question asked of a respondent that allows the answer to take whatever form the respondent chooses. |
| operational definition | A clear and precise definition of a variable that facilitates its measurement. |
| paradigm shift | The term used to describe a change in basic assumptions of a particular scientific discipline. |
| participant observation | A methodology associated with ethnography whereby the researcher both observes and becomes a member in a social setting. |
| pilot study | A small study carried out to test the feasibility of a larger one. |
| probability sampling | Any sampling scheme in which the probability of selecting any given unit is known. |
| qualitative | A type of data that can't be converted into numbers, usually because they relate to meaning. |
| quantitative | A type of data that can be converted into numbers, usually for statistical comparison. |
| rapport | A positive relationship often characterized by mutual trust or sympathy. |
| reactivity | The tendency of people and events to react to the process of being studied. |
| reflexivity | How the identity and activities of the researcher influence what is going on in the field setting. |
| reliability | The consistency of a question or measurement tool, the degree to which the same questions will produce similar answers. |
| replicability | Research that can be repeated, and thus verified, by other researchers later. |
| representative sample | A sample taken so that findings from members of the sample group can be generalized to the whole population. |
| representiveness | The degree to which a particular studied group is similar to, or represents, any part of the larger society. |
| respondent | Someone from whom a researcher solicits information. |
| response rate | The number or percentage of surveys completed by respondents and returned to researchers. |
| sample | The part of the population that will actually be studied. |
| scientific method | A procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasizes collecting concrete data through observation and experiment. |
| simple random sample | A particular type of probability sample in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. |
| spurious correlation | The appearance of causation produced by an intervening variable. |
| survey | A method based on questionnaires that are administered to a sample of respondents selected from a target population. |
| target population | The entire group about which a researcher would like to be able to generalize. |
| validity | The accuracy of a question or measurement tool; the degree to which a researcher is measuring what he thinks he is measuring. |
| value-free sociology | An ideal whereby researchers identify facts without allowing their own personal beliefs or biases to interfere. |
| variables | One of two or more phenomena that a researcher believes are related and hopes to prove are related through research. |
| weighting | Techniques for manipulating the sampling procedure so that the sample more closely resembles the larger population. |
| study time and grades | What are the variables in the following statement, “Studying affects one’s grades?” |
| survey | Customer comment cards people fill out in some restaurants are an example of a/an: |
| hypothesis | The following statement, “Studying affects one’s grades,” would be an example of a: |
| the experimental group | Who would be asked to watch television in an experiment where a sociologist is testing whether or not watching television impacts a student’s grade on an exam? |
| open ended question | The following question, “What do you think about capital punishment?” would be an example of a/an: |
| closed ended question | The following question, “Are you for or against capital punishment?” would be an example of a/an: |
| ethnography | A method based on studying people in their own environment in order to understand the meanings they attribute to their activities is called: |
| the exam grade | What would the dependent variable be in an experiment where a sociologist is testing whether or not watching television impacts a student’s grade on an exam? |
| the watching of television | What would the independent variable be in an experiment where a sociologist is testing whether or not watching television impacts a student’s grade on an exam? |
| target population | The entire group about which a researcher would like to be able to generalize is a: |
| survey | Which research method is most likely to include the use of the Likert scale? |
| representative sample | A sample taken so that the findings can be generalized to the whole population is called a: |
| quantitative dataT | he specific approval rating of the U.S. president would be an example of: |
| reliability | The consistency of a question or measurement tool is called: |
| qualitative data. | A type of data that is not easily converted into numbers, usually because it relates to meaning, is: |
| personal beliefs and biases. | Value-free sociology attempts to eliminate ______ from research. |
| the hawthorne effect | When study participants act differently when they know they are being observed ; they are said to be exhibiting |
| an institutional review board | Most universities have __________, which monitors the ethics of research projects conducted by its members. |
| They attempt to control for all possible variables except the one under investigation. | What is one of the basic goals for sociologists conducting an experiment? |
| content analysis | A method in which researchers identify and analyze specific texts, images, or media messages is called: |
| True | Ethnographies make it difficult to study groups that are often overlooked by other methods. True/False |
| sample | The individuals that a sociologist interviews as part of a research project would be a part of the: |
Created by:
hkrawietz
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