Philosophy Test #1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What is fallibilism? | it doesn't require certainty
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| How is knowledge reliable based on true beliefs? | True beliefs are believed because it's true, if it were false we wouldn't believe it
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| How could skepticism be self-refuting? | There is a possibility that it presupposes falsity. Ex. I do not exist
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| What is a transcendental argument? | Assumptions of a question forces one answer
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| What are contradicting views of Transcendental vs. Skepticism? | Show that the preconditions on posing the skeptical challenge presuppose skepticism’s falsity
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| What is the general problem of foundationalism? | It misses truths
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| What is the skeptic's claim on knowledge? | - "We don't really know"
- There is always the possibility of being wrong & illusion
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| What are 2 necessary conditions in knowing? | Belief (Don't know unless you believe)
Truth (belief isn't knowledge if it's a lie/false)
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| Examples of how truth & belief isn't sufficient for knowing. Why? | Lucky fortune teller, Tricked Jury
- lack good justification
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| What did Gettier try to prove? | Justified true beliefs are not sufficient for knowledge
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| What were problems in Gettier cases? | Believing in something (P) wasn't because it was true
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| What is reliablilism | knowledge is true belief, believed because it’s true
- wouldnt believe it if it were false
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| What is belief? | A reliable result of its truth in context where I believe in it
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| Reliabilism allows knowledge to be certain in what ways? | Based on true beliefs because they're true & what we actually know
- if it were an illusion then we don't know anything about the world
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| What is priority of reference over meaning? | Reference is fixed by point/social use & the concept is molded to that idea
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| What is solipsism? | "Only my thoughts really exist"
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| What is abduction? | Inference to best explaination
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| What is induction? | Inference from samples of generalizations
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| What is analytic? | Meaning into necessary & sufficient conditions
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| What is stipulative? | Specify new necessary & sufficient conditions
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| What is theoretical? | Find real "essence"
"best" definition
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| What is ostensive? | Point out referent (not meaning)
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| What are problems for cartesian & positivistic versions of foundationalism? | - Only saves certain things, misses too much
- Won't get back important things
- Missing truths
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| What is metaphysics? | What exists & how things are related to each other
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| What is epistemology? | What & how do we know?
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| What is meaning? | What makes expressions about things
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| What is the Theory of Reference? | Ability to specify meanings by giving necessary & sufficient conditions
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| What is the Old Theory of Meaning & Reference? | - Give analytic definition with necessary & sufficient conditions
- Referent fits the definition
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| What are 4 types of definition? | Analytic, Stipulative, Theoretical, Ostensive
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| What is the New Theory of Meaning & Reference? | Ostension first, meaning later
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| What are sound arguments? | A valid argument with true premises and true conclusion
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| What is synonymy? | Specifying the same meaning
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| What are problems with the Old Theory? | - Meaning doesn't fix reference
- Few analytic definitions
- Other definitions don't cover all cases
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| What are positivist views? | - Secure sense data; build world by logical contruction
- No God
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| What is the Cartesian version of skepticism? (DesCartes) | - Secure self & "seemings"
- Infer world as seen
- Argue non-decieving God
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| Without analytic definitions, how do we separate different referent from no referent? | Eliminate & identify
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| What are some problems with "meaning fixes reference"? | It is not based only on what we know in our head. Consider different references in world, galexy, etc.
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| What is linguistic division of labor? | Rely on others for "real" meaning
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| Which "definition" didn't give meaning but instead picked out a referent? | Ostentsive
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| What is a counterexample? | A possible situation where the premises are true but the conclusion could be false
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| What is reference? | What fits the definition
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| What kind of inference is: "Every F so far has been G so there's something in the Fs making them Gs" | Abductive inference
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| A counterexample to an argument's validity is a possible situation where the arguments... | Conclusion is false and premises are true
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| Which theory of meaning & reference define terms involved in an argument? | Old Theory
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| What makes an argument invalid? | If there is a counterexample
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| What is the strongest inference and why? | Deductively valid because it is impossible for premises to be true & conclusion to be false
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| What does invalidity with counterexamples show? | True premises and false conclusion
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| "Priority of reference over meaning" refers to which theory? | New Theory
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| What is "truth-valuable"? | What is true or false
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| What are "Twin-Earth" examples supposed to show? | Meaning doesn't determine reference
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| What do foundationalists worry about? | Avoiding falsehood
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