Ped-Family Theory
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| Definitions of Family: Biological | consanguineous (related genetically)
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| Definitions of Family: Affinal | by marriage or law
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| Definitions of Family: family of Origin | the family into which we are born
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| New definitions: Broader | institution where a group of individuals, related through biology or enduring commitments, representing various generations, genders & roles, participates in activities involving mutual socialization, nurturance & emotional commitment
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| The Best Definition of Family | -A family is who they say they are!
-It is individual and affected by many ideas and values.
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| Family Systems Theory | -Emphasizes interaction b/w the members of the family.
-The family is a whole w/ each individual as a part of the whole.
-When one is affected, all other are affected.
-Therefore, pediatric nurses always view the family as their patient.
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| Family Systems Theory | -adaptable.
-Feed back and needs initiates change.
Boundaries between the environment and the family: an open boundary invites new ideas and help, and a closed boundary resists change by viewing it as threatening,
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| Family Stress Theory | -Explains how families react and adapt to stressors.
-Stressors may be predictable (parenthood) or unpredictable (illness).
-Stressors may be cumulative or chronic.
-When these stressors overwhelm the families ability to cope: crisis
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| Family Stress Theory | -Resiliency model of family stress includes adjustment and adaptation which may not be pathologic.
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| Resilience | a concept where a family is able to adapt by making structural and system changes.
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| Developmental Theory | -Emphasizes developmental stages as psychosocial stages of the whole family (8 stages).
-Addresses changes over time based on predictable changes in structure, function, and roles.
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| Developmental Theory | -New life cycle norms were created to encompass a change in course (ie divorce) The family may then begins the stages of single parent family stages.
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| Structural-Functional | • Sociological perspective
• The family is the social system with members who have specific roles and functions.
• Goal: equilibrium between complementary roles (ie. Mother-child; mother-mother-in-law)
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| Structural-Functional: functions Affective | meet the psychological needs.
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| Structural-Functional: functions Socialization | help children become productive members of society
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| Structural-Functional: functions Reproductive | ensure family survival
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| Structural-Functional: functions Economic | allocate sufficient resources
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| Structural-Functional: functions Health Care | provision of physical necessities including food and shelter
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| Family Structure | IMPORTANT: there is no one family structure that is optimal.
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| Family Structure | -traditional nuclear family & nuclear family
-Blended Family & Binuclear Family
-Extended Family & Grandparent Families
-Single parent Family
-Gay and lesbian family
-Polygamous Family
-Communal family
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| Traditional Nuclear Family | Married male and female and their biological offspring.
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| Nuclear Families | Two parents and their children who may encompass biological, step, half and adopted children. The parents are not necessarily legally married or opposite sexes.
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| Blended (The Brady Bunch) | Children from each parent are not biologically related to each other, but live together as step siblings.
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| Binuclear Families | The biological parents of the children are divorced and live in different households. Both bio parents have equal custody and the child has two homes
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| Extended families | Has at least one parent, one or more children and one or more other members other than parent or child (ie. Grandmother living with them)
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| Grandparent families | g. parents raise the children with or without help from parents.
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| Single Parent Families | • Single-parent with one or more children.
• become a choice.
• In the past it was death, divorce, desertion or unplanned pregnancy.
• Women and men are becoming single parents by choice and men are awarded custody more often than in the past.
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| Gay and Lesbian Families | • Two people of the same sex in an intimate relationship who become parents through adoption, surrogacy and/or alternative insemination; and /or
• One or both partner brings a child into the relationship from an ex-relationship
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| Polygyny | One husband with many wives (polygyny); either a group of related women ie. sisters (sororal) or unrelated women (non-sororal).
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| Polyandry | One wife with many husbands (rare).
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| Polyamory | married but couple allow for other relationships based in love.
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| Polygamy | Not legal in the USA but is legal and sanctioned in many other countries.
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| Communal Families | • Communities of people sharing cooperatively without monetary exchange.
• Mother and child bond is close during infancy and early childhood, then “it takes a village”, although primary parents take ultimate responsibility for health and well-being.
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| Family Roles | • Roles are prescribed guidelines for behavior set by the culture.
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| Roles include and are modified by: | • Parental Roles
• Role learning
• Family Size and configuration
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| Parental Roles | • Prescribe appropriate: sexual behavior, childrearing responsibilities, traditions, and standards.
• Conflict arises when these roles are not fulfilled according to the expectations of society, extended family, culture and religion.
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| Parental Roles | • Each person is affected by their socialization process.
• Over the years roles have changed for economic and liberation movements.
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| Parental Roles | -Fathers are taking a more active role in child rearing. Mother often have careers.
-This is often seen in middle and upper class. In lower SES, segregation of roles are split along traditional lines.
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| Role Learning | • The determinates of success in parenting have been consistent over the years amid much social change. They are:
• 1) parental personality and psychological well-being
• 2) contextual support systems
• 3) child characteristics
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| Role Learning | • Roles are transmitted through parents, peers and authority figures.
• Children learn from parents and culture
• Birth order affects roles.
• Children learn appropriate behaviors according to feedback.
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| Family Size and Configuration | • Parenting roles and child expectations depends upon the family size.
• Children in large families are generally more adaptable and cooperative. Older sibs provide discipline.
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| Family Size and Configuration | • Age differences mean more than gender differences. In general, the closer in age, the more influence they have upon each other.
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| Family Size and Configuration | • The primary reason for having another child is childhood companionship for the first child.
• Sibs exert power, teach about exchange, services, develop negotiation skills.
• Oldest sibs pioneer a learning path with their parents.
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| Family Size and Configuration | Only children have traditional been thought of as disadvantaged: selfish, spoiled, dependant, and lonely.
NOT true in review of the research. They do better on cognitive tests, are more mature and socially sensitive.
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| Family Size and Configuration | Even with twins (fraternal), one of the pair will be more dominant, assertive and outgoing.
Identical twins have more unison actions and often alternate leadership.
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| Limit Setting and Discipline | • Guidelines:
• 1) Consistency
• 2) Timing: asap
• 3) Commitment to whole time
• 4) Unity: both parents agree (mostly)
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| Limit Setting and Discipline | • 5) Flexibility: age appropriate
• 6) Planning: as much as possible
• 7) Behavior–oriented: i.e. behavior is bad not child
• 8) Privacy: as much as possible
• 9)Termination: Child has a clean slate when done
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| Adoption | • Motivation: must be “emotionally healthy” for both child and parent(s).
• Available children
• Delays, difficulty and disappointment.
• Preparation: age of the child
• Bonding
• Sharing the truth
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