Anatomy flash card
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| Simple Squamous epithelium | Mesothelium, Endothelium Blood Vessel, Lung
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| Simple cuboidal epithelium | Thyroid Follicles, Tubule of Kidney, Surface of ovary
Function: Secretion and absorption
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| Simple columnar epithelium | Stomach-Rectum, Uterine Gland
Gall bladder
Function: Secretion and absorption
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| Psedostratified columnar epithelium | Ducts-Male reproduction
Respiratory tract
Trachea
Function: Secretion and absorption and protection
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| Stratified squamous epithelium | Esophagus, Pharynx, Vagina, Anal Canal, Mouth (Non-Keratinized)
Skin (Keratinized)
Function: Abosorption and protection
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| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | Sweat gland,s ducts of exocrine glands
Function: Protection and limited secretion and absorption
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| Stratified columnar epithelium | Salivary ducts
Function: Protection and secretion
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| Transitional epithelium | Urinary tract (bladder)
Function: Stretch
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| Cilia | Respiratory epithelium
Fallopian tube
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| Microvilli | Small intestine, Gall bladder, kidney
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| Stereocilia | Epididymis, Vas deferens, Inner ear
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| Difference between Basement memebrane and basal lamina | Basement membrane: Lamina rara, Lamina densa, Lamina reticularis
Basal lamina: Lamina rara and lamina densa
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| Loose connective tissue | Surrounds: Muscles, nerves, blood vessels
Contains more cells
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| Regular Dense connective tissue | Tendons, Ligaments, cornea
Function: Strong attachment, withstands pulling
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| Irregular Dense connective tissue | Found in dermis of skin
Function: provides tensile strength in many direction
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| Collagen Fibers | Most abundant fibers
Very strong and resist pulling forces
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| 4 types of collagen | 1. Bones, tendons, ligaments
2. Cartilages
3. Blood vessels, liver, lymphoid organs
4. Basement membrane
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| Reticular fibers | Composed of type 3 collagen
Support the walls of blood vessels
Remove worn-out blood cells in spleen.
Flexible and able to stretch
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| Elastic Fibers | Enable tissues to stretch and distend
Thinner than collagen
Fibers are interwoven with collagen- prevent tearing
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| Ground substance | Proteoglycans, Hyaluronic acids
Proteoglycan-GAGs-trap H20 making the ground substance more jelly like.
Hyaluronic acid- Viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together. Helps maintain the shape
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| Ground substance | Function: Glue-binds cells to fibers
Lubricant-allows ease of motion
Barrier-physical prevention of bacteria and microorganisms.
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| Fibroblasts | Fixed.
Synthesize: Collage, elastin, reticular fibers, ground substance
Involve wound repair
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| Macrophages | Derived from monocytes in bone marrow
Ingestion and degradation of foreign matter.
Stimulation of the immune response by immune presentation
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| Mast Cell | Oval, filled with basophillic granules- Produce histamin
Absents from brain and spinal cord and spleen.
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| Lymphocytes | T-lymphocytes-Cell-mediated
B-lymphocytes-Production of antibodies
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| Plasma cells | Derived from B-lymphocytes.
Lives 10-30 days
Clock face nucleus.
Synthesis of antibodies.
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| Eosinophilis, Monocytes and Neutrophils | Rapidly migrated from blood to connective tissue.
Injury and inflammation
An acute inflammatory reaction
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| Basophils | Release of histamine from basophil granules.
Enhances vascular response in insect bites
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| 3 types of cartilage | Hyaline
Elastic
Fibro-cartilage
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| Hyaline Cartilage | Homogenous matrix
Lacunae-Spaces throughout matrix
Matrix-collagen fibers (type 2) and ground substance
Function: Provides smooth surface for movement, flexibility and support
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| Hyaline Cartilage Location | Nose, tracheal, bronchial rings
Larygeal cartilages, costal cartilages, articular surfaces, epiphyseal growth plate
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| Perichondrium | dense connective tissue
inner cellular layer-give rise to cartilage
outer fibrous layer-stem cell
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| Chondrocytes | Matured chondroblasts located in lacunae.
Deeper-Mitotic division-isogenous groups-lengthening of cartilage
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| Elastic Cartilage | Elastin present in matrix
Gives cartilage-elasticity and pliability and resilience. Strength and shape
All have perichondrium but does not calcify
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| Elastic cartilage-location | External ear, epiglottis, larynx.
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| Fibrocartilage | consists of chondrocytes and territorial matrix combined with dense connective tissue.
Lack perrichondrium
Function: support and joining structure. Strength and rigidity
Storngest of the three types
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| Fibrocartilage-location | Intervertebral discs
symphysis pubis
articular discs of sternoclavicular and temperomandibular joints, menisci of knee joint
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| Bone | Consists of type 1 collagen and ground substances
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| Bone cell types | Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
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| Long Bones | Main components of limbs
-femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia and fibula
Support body frame, strength
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| Short Bones | Metacarpals of hands and metatarsals of feet.
Cube shaped
facilitate movement; transfer forces
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| Flat Bones | Cranial bones, scapula, ribs, hips
Provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment (protection)
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| Irregular bones | Vertebra, carpals, and tarsals.
Irregular shape
For attachment of other structures
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| Yellow marrow | Central cavities
Fat
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| Red marrow | Ends of long bones.
responsible for the formation of blood cells and platelets
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| Diaphysis | Shaft of the long bone.
Hard and compact
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| Epiphysis | Sponge like and is covered by shell of harder bone.
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| Epiphyseal growth plate | The place where the diaphysis and epuphysis meet
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| Axial division | Bones in the centre of the body
Skull, vertebral column, hyoid bone, ribs and stermum
(excluding clavicle)
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| Appendicular division | Appendage.
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| Joints- classification | Fibrous
Cartilaginous
synovia
OR
synarthrosis-immovable
amphaiarthrosis-slightly movable
diarthrosis - freely movable
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| Fibrous joints | 1.Sutures
2.Syndesmoses
3.gomphosis
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| Cartilaginous | 1. Synchondroses-primary: transitional stages of growth
2. Symphyses-secondary: Hyaline covered bones permanet fibrocartilage between
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| Synovial joints | 1. Plannar
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and socket
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| Hinge | Allows one plane movement (Uniaxial)
Flexion and extension
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| Ball and socket | Triaxial
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation
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| Pivot | Uniaxial
rotation
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| Planar (Gliding) | Biaxial
Back-forth, side to side movement
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| Saddle | Biaxial
Flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
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| Condyloid | Biaxial
Flexion and extension
Abductuon and addction
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| Skeletal Muscle | Each cell is called muscle fiber
Plasma membrane-sarcolemma
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| Epimysium | Sheath of dense connective tissue
Carry major nerves and blood supply
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| Perimysium | Thicker connective tissue surrounding a group of fibers
Forms bundle or fascicle
Contains larger blood vessels
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| Endomysium | Delicate layer of reticular fibers
contains only finest capillaries and nerves
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| I-band | Light, Actin (Thin)
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| A-band | Dark-both Actin and myosin (Thin and thick)
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| Z-line | Region between two-sacromere
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| Intercalated discs | Major site of attachment between cardiac cells.
2 conjunctions
gap junction and desmosomes
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| Smooth Muscle | Elongate, fusiform cells
organized into bundles or sheets
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| Skin layers | Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
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| Epidermis | outermost layer
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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| Epidermis cell types | 1.Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Langerhans's cells
4. Merkel cells
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| Epidermis layers | 1. Stratum Baslae
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum Corneum
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| Dermis | Richly in innervated and vascularized
Hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, lymphatic vessels, and sensory receptors
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| Dermis- layers | 1.Papillary layer
2.Reticular layer
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| Function of the integument | 1. Chemical barriers
2. Biological barriers
3. Physical barriers
4. Temperature regulation
5. Cutaneous sensation
6. Metabolic functions
7. Blood reservoir
8. Excretion
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| Burns | 1 degree-only epidermiss
2 degree-epidermis and upper dermis-blisters
3 degree-full thickness. Not painful.
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