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Anatomy flash card
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Simple Squamous epithelium | Mesothelium, Endothelium Blood Vessel, Lung |
Simple cuboidal epithelium | Thyroid Follicles, Tubule of Kidney, Surface of ovary Function: Secretion and absorption |
Simple columnar epithelium | Stomach-Rectum, Uterine Gland Gall bladder Function: Secretion and absorption |
Psedostratified columnar epithelium | Ducts-Male reproduction Respiratory tract Trachea Function: Secretion and absorption and protection |
Stratified squamous epithelium | Esophagus, Pharynx, Vagina, Anal Canal, Mouth (Non-Keratinized) Skin (Keratinized) Function: Abosorption and protection |
Stratified cuboidal epithelium | Sweat gland,s ducts of exocrine glands Function: Protection and limited secretion and absorption |
Stratified columnar epithelium | Salivary ducts Function: Protection and secretion |
Transitional epithelium | Urinary tract (bladder) Function: Stretch |
Cilia | Respiratory epithelium Fallopian tube |
Microvilli | Small intestine, Gall bladder, kidney |
Stereocilia | Epididymis, Vas deferens, Inner ear |
Difference between Basement memebrane and basal lamina | Basement membrane: Lamina rara, Lamina densa, Lamina reticularis Basal lamina: Lamina rara and lamina densa |
Loose connective tissue | Surrounds: Muscles, nerves, blood vessels Contains more cells |
Regular Dense connective tissue | Tendons, Ligaments, cornea Function: Strong attachment, withstands pulling |
Irregular Dense connective tissue | Found in dermis of skin Function: provides tensile strength in many direction |
Collagen Fibers | Most abundant fibers Very strong and resist pulling forces |
4 types of collagen | 1. Bones, tendons, ligaments 2. Cartilages 3. Blood vessels, liver, lymphoid organs 4. Basement membrane |
Reticular fibers | Composed of type 3 collagen Support the walls of blood vessels Remove worn-out blood cells in spleen. Flexible and able to stretch |
Elastic Fibers | Enable tissues to stretch and distend Thinner than collagen Fibers are interwoven with collagen- prevent tearing |
Ground substance | Proteoglycans, Hyaluronic acids Proteoglycan-GAGs-trap H20 making the ground substance more jelly like. Hyaluronic acid- Viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together. Helps maintain the shape |
Ground substance | Function: Glue-binds cells to fibers Lubricant-allows ease of motion Barrier-physical prevention of bacteria and microorganisms. |
Fibroblasts | Fixed. Synthesize: Collage, elastin, reticular fibers, ground substance Involve wound repair |
Macrophages | Derived from monocytes in bone marrow Ingestion and degradation of foreign matter. Stimulation of the immune response by immune presentation |
Mast Cell | Oval, filled with basophillic granules- Produce histamin Absents from brain and spinal cord and spleen. |
Lymphocytes | T-lymphocytes-Cell-mediated B-lymphocytes-Production of antibodies |
Plasma cells | Derived from B-lymphocytes. Lives 10-30 days Clock face nucleus. Synthesis of antibodies. |
Eosinophilis, Monocytes and Neutrophils | Rapidly migrated from blood to connective tissue. Injury and inflammation An acute inflammatory reaction |
Basophils | Release of histamine from basophil granules. Enhances vascular response in insect bites |
3 types of cartilage | Hyaline Elastic Fibro-cartilage |
Hyaline Cartilage | Homogenous matrix Lacunae-Spaces throughout matrix Matrix-collagen fibers (type 2) and ground substance Function: Provides smooth surface for movement, flexibility and support |
Hyaline Cartilage Location | Nose, tracheal, bronchial rings Larygeal cartilages, costal cartilages, articular surfaces, epiphyseal growth plate |
Perichondrium | dense connective tissue inner cellular layer-give rise to cartilage outer fibrous layer-stem cell |
Chondrocytes | Matured chondroblasts located in lacunae. Deeper-Mitotic division-isogenous groups-lengthening of cartilage |
Elastic Cartilage | Elastin present in matrix Gives cartilage-elasticity and pliability and resilience. Strength and shape All have perichondrium but does not calcify |
Elastic cartilage-location | External ear, epiglottis, larynx. |
Fibrocartilage | consists of chondrocytes and territorial matrix combined with dense connective tissue. Lack perrichondrium Function: support and joining structure. Strength and rigidity Storngest of the three types |
Fibrocartilage-location | Intervertebral discs symphysis pubis articular discs of sternoclavicular and temperomandibular joints, menisci of knee joint |
Bone | Consists of type 1 collagen and ground substances |
Bone cell types | Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts |
Long Bones | Main components of limbs -femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia and fibula Support body frame, strength |
Short Bones | Metacarpals of hands and metatarsals of feet. Cube shaped facilitate movement; transfer forces |
Flat Bones | Cranial bones, scapula, ribs, hips Provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment (protection) |
Irregular bones | Vertebra, carpals, and tarsals. Irregular shape For attachment of other structures |
Yellow marrow | Central cavities Fat |
Red marrow | Ends of long bones. responsible for the formation of blood cells and platelets |
Diaphysis | Shaft of the long bone. Hard and compact |
Epiphysis | Sponge like and is covered by shell of harder bone. |
Epiphyseal growth plate | The place where the diaphysis and epuphysis meet |
Axial division | Bones in the centre of the body Skull, vertebral column, hyoid bone, ribs and stermum (excluding clavicle) |
Appendicular division | Appendage. |
Joints- classification | Fibrous Cartilaginous synovia OR synarthrosis-immovable amphaiarthrosis-slightly movable diarthrosis - freely movable |
Fibrous joints | 1.Sutures 2.Syndesmoses 3.gomphosis |
Cartilaginous | 1. Synchondroses-primary: transitional stages of growth 2. Symphyses-secondary: Hyaline covered bones permanet fibrocartilage between |
Synovial joints | 1. Plannar 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condyloid 5. Saddle 6. Ball and socket |
Hinge | Allows one plane movement (Uniaxial) Flexion and extension |
Ball and socket | Triaxial Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation |
Pivot | Uniaxial rotation |
Planar (Gliding) | Biaxial Back-forth, side to side movement |
Saddle | Biaxial Flexion and extension abduction and adduction |
Condyloid | Biaxial Flexion and extension Abductuon and addction |
Skeletal Muscle | Each cell is called muscle fiber Plasma membrane-sarcolemma |
Epimysium | Sheath of dense connective tissue Carry major nerves and blood supply |
Perimysium | Thicker connective tissue surrounding a group of fibers Forms bundle or fascicle Contains larger blood vessels |
Endomysium | Delicate layer of reticular fibers contains only finest capillaries and nerves |
I-band | Light, Actin (Thin) |
A-band | Dark-both Actin and myosin (Thin and thick) |
Z-line | Region between two-sacromere |
Intercalated discs | Major site of attachment between cardiac cells. 2 conjunctions gap junction and desmosomes |
Smooth Muscle | Elongate, fusiform cells organized into bundles or sheets |
Skin layers | Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis |
Epidermis | outermost layer Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
Epidermis cell types | 1.Keratinocytes 2. Melanocytes 3. Langerhans's cells 4. Merkel cells |
Epidermis layers | 1. Stratum Baslae 2. Stratum Spinosum 3. Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum Corneum |
Dermis | Richly in innervated and vascularized Hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, lymphatic vessels, and sensory receptors |
Dermis- layers | 1.Papillary layer 2.Reticular layer |
Function of the integument | 1. Chemical barriers 2. Biological barriers 3. Physical barriers 4. Temperature regulation 5. Cutaneous sensation 6. Metabolic functions 7. Blood reservoir 8. Excretion |
Burns | 1 degree-only epidermiss 2 degree-epidermis and upper dermis-blisters 3 degree-full thickness. Not painful. |