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Answer

Psychology began with......

Philosophy

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Functionalism William James

Adopt mental process to survive "makes sense to do something"

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Current Defination of Psych

The science of mental procesess and behavior

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Correlation

-8.9 is still bigger than +3.2 - number shows strength

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Phernology

extremely popularized theory on reading bumps on head to finding personality keys (Suto Science- can't be proved or dis-proved) Very Vague Ghaul

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Autonomic

Involving things your body does... example, breathing/blinking/digestion/happen automatically/slow heart rate/pupils contract/kidney-liver function

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Scientific Method

1. QUESTION 2. HYPOTHESIE 3. test 4. Result

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Question- Can have Nature but not nurture

TRUE- CAN HAVE NATURE BUT NOT NURTURE

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Websters Law

Just noticiable difference or differnce threshold

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QUESTION- The rat is always right?

True- the rat is always right

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Central Nervous System

Is Brain and Spinal cord

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Adaptability

modify- adapt to conditions

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The Nervous System

the bodies electrochemical communications circutary made up with billions of interconnecting cells

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Bottom-up Processing

Begins with sensory receptors first time inforamation a person is not fam w/

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Top Down Processing

Higher levels of cognitive processing; information someone is fam w/

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Double Blind Procedure

Staff/participants are blind to who is receiving what

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4 basic sensation when dealing with touch

Pressure, Pain, Warmth, Cold

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Proximity

General assumptions because of placement (teacher sits with students, someone walks in, thinks/assumes teacher is student)

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Correlation Span

Spans from -1.0 to 1.0

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Critical Thinking

Smart thinking examines, assumptions discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and asses conclusions

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hypothesis

Educated guess- testable predictions

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Theory

explains intergated principles & organizes observations/predicts behavior or events

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sampling Techniques

case study- survery- naturalistic Observation

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Case study

examines 1 individ indepth

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survey

many cases, less depth, people report

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Naturalistics

recording innat. behavior- Jane Goodell

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Correlations

Spans from -1.0 to + 1.0 Positive same direction (2 up arrows... 2 down arrows) Negative (1 up arrow, 1 down arrow, 1 down arrow, 1 up arrow) Correlation does not equal causation. Helps predict but doesnt verify

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Independent / Dependent Vari

Independent cause Dependent Effect. Inn manipulated dep- may change in response to manipulation

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varaible

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Experimental Design

1 or more variables are manipulated

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Double Blind

Both staff and participate are blind to who is receiving what

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Myelin

Insulates axons of some nerons helps speed impulses - multiple scerosis lack of communication with muscles

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Action Potential

Brief electrical charge that travels down its axon. Fired by nerons

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Neural Communications

Neural Transmitters when action potential reaches the terimals at the axons end it triggers the release of chemical messenges. Cross synaptic gap & bind to receptors sites on receiving neurons

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Reputake

Sending neuron reabsorbs extra neurotransmitters

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(3) types of nerons

sensory, motor an interneurons

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Frontal Lobes

Behind forehead the personality-muscle movements, making plans/judgements LEFT AND RIGHT

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Parietal Lobes

(Top and to the rear) Sensory input for touch and body position

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Occipital lobes

Back of head- receives information from the visual fields

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Temporal Lobes

Roughly above the ears- Auditory areas

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Nature VS Nurture

Nature biology & genetics Nurture- how you are shaped by your enviroment

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Individualism VS Collectivness

ind. more self-centered; care more about yourself than the whole. Collectivism- giving priorites to goals of ones group & defining ones identity accordingly

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Sensation

Receiving stimilus energy from external eniveronment- you use your senses "you can see it"

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Perception

Organizing and Interpreting information to give it meaning "The way you see it"

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Absolute Thresh hold

Minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect something 50 % of the time

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Difference Threshold

minimum amount of difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time "Just noticable difference)

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Types of Receptors

Cones and Rodes CONES- 6 mili daylight/well-lit conditions -colour RODS- 120 mili black and white and grey

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Parelell Processing

Processing many aspects of a problem simulataneously- Natural mode of info process. like computers - step-by-step

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Endorphins

"Morphin within" Natural Neurs transmitters- pain control & pleasure

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Plasticity

Ability to change/modify after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

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Chromosomes

males give 23X Females give 23XY Child has 46. girl: XX Boy XY Composed of DNA- biochemical units that make chromosomes=genes

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Mutation

random error in gene replication that leads to change

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Gender

Is biologically 7 socially influenced characterists by which people define male and female- which do you feel like. Sex is how your born

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Gender roles

what we assign to the sex.. Males hould be non-emotional and tough and girls should be nurturing and emotional

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Gender Identity

Our sense of being male or female

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Natural Selection

Survival of the fittest- Charles Darwin- in ordewr to survive you have to adapt. traits that lead to increased survival/reproduction will most likely be passed on. can be nature but not nuture

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Sensory Adaption

Dulling of the senses after constant stimulation of something

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characteristics of the senses

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Transduction

Conversion of one form of energy into another, Sight, smell, sounds into neutral impulses the brain can interpret

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Vestibular sense

Sense of body movement and position including balance

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PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Proximity

grouping nearby figures together

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PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Similarity

grouping "similar" figures together

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PRECEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Continuity

Smooth-noncomplex, continuous, patterns and simple

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PRECEPTUAL ORANIZATION Connectedness

Uniformed/ linked - unit

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PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Closure

Fill in gaps to create a complete whole object

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Gate Control Theory

Spinal coloumn contains a neutral gate that can be opened or closed. Open- Pain Closed-No pain Disproven

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Binocular Cues

Judging distant by nearby objects

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Retinal Disparity

Relative distance of different objects 3D

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Moneculor Cues

Available to each eye seperately- light & shadow effect

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Perceptual Set

Mental predispostion to preceive one thing but not the other

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ESP Research

Perception can occur apart from sensory input. Telepathy, clairovoyance, precognition

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Sympathetic

Fight or Flight

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Para-sympathetic

rest or digest

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Opperational Differences

"specific"

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Mean

Add scores and divide for average

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Mode

Most frequent occuring numbers

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Median

Middle score- if equal amount- add the two numbers together and divide by 2

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Range

Difference b/w highest and lowest scores

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parts of the eye

Pupil, lens, iris, cornea, retina, fovea-blindspot, optic nerve

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Parts of the ear

Hammer, Anvil, Cochlea, Eardrum, Stirrup, Oval Window

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