Intro to the Resperatory System
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| What form of respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the environment and works with the cardiovascular system for the delivery of oxygen? | External respiration
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| What form of respiration is O2 and CO2 exchanged at the cellular level? | Internal respiration
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| What are three scroll-like bones located laterally to the nasal cavities that give the air a larger surface area to move over? | Turbinates (Conchae)
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| What is an empyema? | a collection of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity
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| What is coryza? | nasal discharge often accompanying the common cold and other conditions
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| What is hypercapnia? | More than the normal level of carbon dioxide in the blood
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| What is adventitious? | Coming from an external source or occurring in an unusual place or manner. Not inherent, inherited or innate but rather occurring accidentally or spontaneously.
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| What is a deep, low pitched wheeze that is often used to describe ronchi? | Sonorous wheeze
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| What is a constricted, high pitched hissing wheeze? | Sibilant wheeze
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| What are Stetorous respirations? | Harsh, rattling, snoring breath sounds
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| What is the invasive procedure to remove fluid from the space between the lining of the outside of the lungs (pleura) and the wall of the chest? | Thoracentisis
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| How many nasal cavities (sinuses) does a normal person have? | Four
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| What are the four para-nasal sinuses? | Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoid and Ethmoid
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| What are the hollow areas believed to give resonance to the voice? | Para-nasal sinuses
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| Where are the smell receptors located? | The mucosa of the nasal cavity.
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| What is the medical term for tear ducts? | Nasolacrimal ducts
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| What are the three sub-divisions of the pharynx? | *Nasopharynx *Oropharynx *Laryngopharnx
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| What portion of the pharynx is posterior to the mouth? | Oropharynx
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| What portion of the pharynx is the most superior portion? | Nasopharynx
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| Which portion of the pharynx is directly superior to the larynx? | Laryngopharynx
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| Which portion of the pharynx has the adenoids? | Nasopharynx
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| Which portion of the pharynx holds the tonsils? | Oropharynx
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| What connects the nasopharynx to the inner ear? | Eustachian tubes
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| A common area of airway infection in children is located where? | Eustachian tubes
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| What connects the pharynx with the trachea? | Larynx
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| How many rings of cartilage support the larynx? | nine
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| What protects the larynx from swallowed food? | Epiglottis
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| Where is the voice box located? | Larynx
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| Where is the trachea located in relation to the epiglottis? | Anterior
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| What is the anterior portion of the trachea covered with? | The isthmus of the thyroid.
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| How is the cartilage of the trachea shaped? | C-shaped, with the open end pointed to the posterior
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| List the upper respiratory tract. | Nose/mouth, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea
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| Aspirated objects enters which lung most often, and why? | Right lung, the right bronchus Larger in diameter and more vertical in descent than the left
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| What are alveoli lined with to reduce surface tension and prevent collapse? | Surfactant
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| The intrapleural space is also known as what? | Thoracic cavity
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| How many lobes does the right lung have? | Three
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| How many lobes does the left lung have? | Two
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| How does gas exchange occure in the lungs? | By diffusion
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| True or False: Air in the lungs is at a greater pressure than in the plural cavity | True. The plural cavity is at a vacuum (negative pressure. Air in the lungs is atmospheric pressure & higher than that in the pleural cavity
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| What is responsible for the basic (unconscious) rhythm and depth of respiration? | Medulla oblongata & pons
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| What are Located in the carotid and aortic bodies and are sensitive to blood carbon dioxide, oxygen, & pH levels | Chemoreceptors
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| Stimulate or suppress respirations to normalize blood values of CO2, O2 and pH? | Chemoreceptors
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| What is a late sign of respiratory distress? | Nasal flaring
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| What vitals go UP with hypoxia? | Pusle, Respirations, B/P
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| What does a sibilant wheeze indicate? | constricted airways
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| What does a sonorous wheeze indicate? | Secretions in the large airways
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| What do crackles (rales) indicate? | Fluid in the alveoli
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| What does a pleural friction rub sound indicate? | Inflammation of the pleura
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| What diagnostic test confirms Pneumothorax, Pneumonia, Pleural effusion, and Pulmonary edema | Chest radiographs (Roentgenogram)
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| What do chest radiographs (Roentgenogram) show? | *Visualizes the lungs and major thoracic vessels *Alterations in size and location of the pulmonary structures *Identifies lesions, infiltration, foreign bodies, or fluid *Disorders involving the parenchyma or interstitial spaces
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| What must be removed prior to a chest radiograph (Roentgenogram) | Jewelry
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| What is the painless, non-invasive diagnostic test that scans the lungs in small layers identify pulmonary lesions? | Computed Tomography (CT)
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| What test is done to Obtain information on lung volume, ventilation, pulmonary spirometry and gas exchange? | Pulmonary function test
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| A Surgical endoscopic procedure to obtain lymph nodes for biopsy for tumor diagnosis | Mediastinoscopy
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| True or False: A laryngoscopy does not anasthesia | False. Requires local or general anesthesia
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| What is bronchoscopy? | Bronchoscope is passed into the trachea and bronchi with either a flexible fiberoptic or a rigid bronchoscope used to visualize the larynx, trachea, and bronchi
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| How long after an airway procedure should the PT be NPO? | Until gag reflex returns
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| How should PTs be placed after an airway procedure? | Placed in semi-fowlers position and turned to one side
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| Performed on sputum or pleural fluid to detect the presence of abnormal or malignant cells | Cytology studies
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| Why should sputum specimens be collected before meals? | To avoid possible emesis
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| How should you instruct the PT to cough up sputum? | Inhale and exhale deeply 3 times, inhale swiftly, cough forcefully, and expectorate into the STERILE sputum container
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| What can be provided if the PT is unable to raise sputum spontaniously? | A hypertonic saline aerosol mist
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| What should the PT do before expectorating sputum into a sterile specimen bottle? | Rinse mouth with water
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| How can a sputum sample be obtained if the PT is unable to expectorate? | Through endotracheal suctioning
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| What position is a thoracentisis procedure performed? | At bedside sitting upright & leaning over a bedside table or on side with affected side up
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| Upon thoracentisis, what is an indicator that the PT is at risk for subsequent pulmonary edema? | If >1500 ml removed at one time
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| How would you place the PT after thoracentisis? | on UNAFFECTED side
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| What test measures the lungs ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide and the body’s acid-base balance? | Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
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| What is the normal value for PaCO2? | 35-45mmHg
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| What is the normal value for PaO2? | 80-100mmHg
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| What is the normal value for HCO3? | 21-28mEq/l
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| Oxygen dissolved in plasma is expressed as what? | PaO2
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| Oxygen combined with hemoglobin is expressed as what? | SaO2
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| What kind of syringe is used to draw blood for an ABG? | A heparinized syringe.
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| How much blood is drawn into the heparinized suringe for and ABG, and where is it drawn from? | 3-5ml, an artery
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| What is performed to check ulnar circulation before a radial artery stick? | Allens test
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| How long must pressure be held after an ABG draw? | 5 minutes
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| Where should the syring be placed after an ABG draw? | Ice water
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| An SaO2 of what is needed to adequately replenish the oxygen in the plasma.? | 90% - 100%
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| An SaO2 of what is considered life threatining? | 70%
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| What can affect readings from a pulse ox? | Hyperthermia
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