Valvular Heart Disease
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| Do heart valves open and close actively or passively. | Passively
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| What are the two primary pathologies that cause valvular heart disease? | *Stenosis *Insufficiency(regurgitation).
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| the primary cause of valvular heart disease in children? | Congenital defects
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| What is the primary cause of valvular heart disease in adults? | Rheumatic heart disease
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| What valves are the most affected by valvular heart disease, and why? | Mitral and Aortic valves affected most frequently due to greater workload and blood volume on the left vs right side of the heart.
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| The three diagnostic tests to confirm valvular heart disease | *Chest radiograph. *Echocardiogram. *Cardiac catheterization:
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| Whenis surgical intervention of valvular heart disease indicated? | when lifestyle is affected and medical therapy no longer alleviates symptoms, or there is diagnostic evidence of progressive myocardial failure.
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| What is the most common surgical intervention for valvular heart disease? | open commissurotomy (widening the opening of the valves)
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| Define heterograft: | tissue taking from one species and grafted to another (eg.porcine)
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| Define homograft: | Tissue from the same species.
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| In the event of heparin toxicity, what should be used? | Protamine sulfate 1mg for every mg of heparin
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| In the event of warfarin toxicity, what is used? | Vitamin K
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| Where should anticoagulants NOT be administered and why? | IM because of danger of hematoma formation.
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| What can be done to lessen bruising prior to injection of an anticoagulant? | ice-cube massage of site before injection
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| To minimize risk of bleeding after vascular instrumentation for unstable angina, what should be done with the IV access site? | Leave the vascular access sheath in place 6-8 hours after dose, and give the next dose >= 6-8 hours after sheath removal
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| What NSAIDS should the PT avoid taking while on anticoagulants? | aspirin, naproxen, and ibuprofen
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| Why are antibiotics used in the treatment of VHD? | Prevention of infective endocarditis.
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| Why must the International Normalized Ration (INR) be monitored for a patient with valve replacement | Its an anticoagulation lab test
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