GRCC BI 121 - chapter 1
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| Anatomy and Physiology | Exams the body and how it works and maintains life
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| Anatomy | Greek word " cutting up" exams the structure of body parts, forms and how they are organized.
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| Physiology | Relationship to nature exams the function of body on how it works and how each part does makes it work.
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| ology | Study of
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| Bios | life
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| Looks at how is something built | Anatomy
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| Looks at how something works or functions | Physiology
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| Form Facilitates function | A way to describe the relationship between anatomy and physiology...the structure affects how it works
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| Dynamic | Constant Change
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| Static | Stalled state
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| Microbiology | Study of Pathogens including Bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, protozoans.
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| Embryology | Study of Embryos
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| Genetics | Study of Genes and inheritance traits ( what influences diseases?)
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| Cytology | Study of Cells
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| Histology | Study of Tissues
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| Molecular Biology | Study of DNA and how it affects disease....looks at disease at a molecular level to determine what factors increase the risk for people with that particular DNA
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| Anatomical Position | Standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at side with Palms facing forward.
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| Pathology | Progression and effects of disease in an organism.
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| Epidemology | Transmission of disease from one species to another.
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| The branch of medicine that studies the cause, origin, nature of disease, including the changes occuring as a result of disease | Pathology
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| Water, Metabolism, absorption from environment, growth/repair/, reproduction, circulation, excretion, enviromental interaction, movement, cell structure, Chemical uniqueness | Features limited to life forms.
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| Based chemistry of water | Water is polar and can regulate temp, transport substances, and help with metabolic process.
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| Universal solvent that usually mixes with substances...but not always | Water
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| Why is water cohesive? | Because this substance is polar. It sticks together (one end of each molecule is (+) & (-))
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| Thermal sink | Water holds high capacity to hold onto and absorb heat.
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| Wide range temps of staying liquid | Water
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| 212 degree farenheit = | 100 degrees celsius and is the boiling point
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| 0 degree celcius = | 32 degrees farenhiet and water turns to ice.
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| The process of extracting and transforming energy | Metabolism
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| Metabolism examples | Absorption and secretion
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| "ana" | Up
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| "cat" | down
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| "abolic" | Build/break
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| anabolism | To build up
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| Combination of individual substances made into one larger substance | Anabolic metabolism
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| Anabolic Metabolism | The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules.
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| Reduction of larger molecules into smaller molecules. | Catabolic Metabolism
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| Catabolic Metabolism | Example of convertion to glucose
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| We gain energy by ingesting | taking in
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| We digest energy by | breaking down
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| Energy is digested by | breakdown, absorption and assimilating nutrients from food
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| How does substances get absorbed in body? | They circulate throughout the internal environment
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| what process in getting that energy from the nutrients that were circulated and absorbed into internal environment? | Respiration process uses the stored energy for vital functions such as growth/repair of tissues.
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| Excretion of wastes | Excess is excreted through sweat, breathing, urine/ stool, vomit.
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| metabolism - the process of | Ingest, digest, absorb, assimilate, respirate and excrete.
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| How many property of life on Forbes list? | eleven
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| Property of life- regulates temp/transports substances/metabolic process. | Water
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| Property of life - digest/ingest/excrete/ respiration. | Metabolism
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| Property of life - you are what you eat. | Absorption from environment
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| Property of Life - mammals and birds quit growing after a certain point. | Growth and repair
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| Property of Life- making a baby | Reproduction
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| Property of life- movement of substances in body fluids | Circulation
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| Property of Life- vomit, BM, breathing, sweating. | Excretion
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| Property of Life- response to stimuli | Environmental Interaction
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| Property of Life - muscle, skeletal | Movement
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| Property of Life- Atom, nucleues, organelles, etc. | Cellular Structure
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| Property of Life - Protein, CHO, Lipids, Nucleic acids | Chemical Macromolecules
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| Property of life; Absorption from environment | You are what you eat: passage of substances as through membranes and into body fluids.
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| Property of Life: Growth and Repair | Birds/mammals grow, repair and die.
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| Humans stop growing at what age? | 17 or 18
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| Repair | Humans repair themselves quicker under age 30; takes longer to repair after 30.
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| Can virus reproduce? | They can't reproduce without a host.
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| requires a host, lacks nucleus and no cell structure | A Virus
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| Property of life - Capacity for independent reproduction | Production of new organism and new cells within same species
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| Property of life: Circulation | movement of substances of body fluids
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| Property of life: Excretion | Removal of waste produced by metabolic reactions.
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| BM, Stools, Pee, sweat, vomit, breathing | Examples of excretion (property of life)
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| Properties of life: Environmental interaction | Reaction to change inside or outside of body
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| All organisms responds to stimulants from environment | Properties of life : environmental interaction.
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| Properties of life: Environmental interaction- Individual level | Irritability (reaction to stimulus = homeostasis)
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| Properties of life: Environmental interaction- Species Level | Evolution of new forms
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| Properties of life: Movement | Skeletal/muscles: internally and externally abilities; change in position/ movement of internal organs.
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| Properties of life: Cell structure | Exclusive to all life forms: Atom, nucleus, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, etc.
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| Properties of Life Chemical Uniqueness | Life forms produces macromolecules which contain > or = to 20 C atoms.
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| Properties of Life Chemical Uniqueness- Macromolecule (DNA, RNA) | Nucleic acids
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| Nucleic acids | Composed of nucleotide subunits: DNA & RNA
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| Properties of Life Chemical Uniqueness- Protein | Composed of amino acids subunits, not a living structure
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| Muscle, hair, blood, antibodies, and some hormones | Properties of Life Chemical Uniqueness- examples of protein.
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| Properties of Life Chemical Uniqueness- Carbohydrates | Composed of sacchrides sub units (sugars); CHO contains ratio 1:2:1
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| Properties of Life Chemical Uniqueness- Lipids | Composed of fatty acids subunits
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| Butter, fat, ear wax, oils and some hormones | Properties of Life Chemical Uniqueness- Lipid examples
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| Sucrose, starch, cellulose | Properties of Life Chemical Uniqueness- carbohydrates examples.
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| A dynamics state of equillibrium in which the optimal parameter of the body is maintained. | Homeostasis
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| A set point or Range | Homeostatic
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| Homeostatic | A set point or range of a parameter at which the body functions at its best.
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| Salinity of 0.9% | Homeostatic example
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| Homeostatic examples | Temperature of 37C or 98.6F
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| Homeostatic ranges that are important to remain balanced include. | sugars, blood gasses fluids, vessel diameters.
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| T or F Homestatic range is the same for all age groups | False. it varies between age groups and individuals
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| The difference between normal and healthy homeostatic set point | It is not unusual for someone in their 80's to have high blood pressure, but that doesn't mean it is health.
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| Negative feedback | Movement back towards the set point
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| Postive Feedback | Move away from the set point
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| Patient has high serum salt,what would the homeostatic response be to decrease the salinity to normal levels of 0.9%? | Homeostatic response is thirst, the more fluids the patient takes in will lower the salinity to 0.9%.
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| Homeostasis Maintenance Mechanisms- Receptor | Percieves message; molecule/cells send info (stimulus) re: changes to internal environment and sends message to the control center.
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| Homeostasis Maintenance Mechanisms- Control Center | Knows what set point should be and sends message to effectors.
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| Homeostasis Maintenance Mechanisms- Effectors | Message recieved from Control center, change kicks in and muscles/glands elicit response to alter conditions to return to the set point.
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| Example of when Homeostaic mechanism | TOO warm, muscles stop working, sweating out heat
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| Example of when homeostatic mechanism when it is too cold. | Muscle contracts, producing metabolic heat- holds onto water to maintain normal temp.
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| Negative Feedback | Movement back towards to the set point.
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| T or F. Most feedbak mechanism is negative. | True..most mechanisms are negative.
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| Are set points the same for everyone? | No, set points vary per individuals, there fore knowledge of ranges is important.
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| __________ is the study of homeostatic mechanisms | Physiology
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| Blood clotting to control bleeding is an example of what type of feedback? | Positive feedback. Blood normally doesn't clot, but in this case, it has to clot so that wound heals.
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| Lactation is an example of positive or negative feedback? | Positive feedback. Normal state, breasts don't lactate; the breast is stimulated to produce milk inorder to feed baby.
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| Uterine contractions are positive or negative feedback? | Positive feedback; our uterines don't contract; stimulus triggers the utereus from normal to contraction to push baby out.
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| Is increased temperature positive or negative feedback? | Positive. Temp moves away from set point and increases when stimulus lets body know there is a pathogen. increased temp will destroy bacteria.
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| When is positive feedback good and bad? | Positive feedback for temporary, but if it lingers on, then it may be a disease. Body needs to return to homeotatic set point.
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| Level of organ systems that will be studied in B121 | Atoms > molecules > organelles > Cells > tissues > organs > Organ system > organism
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| organ systems - body covering | Integumentary
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| Function of Integumentary | Thermo regulator, sensory, interface with environment (take out and take in) vitamin D synthesis (absorbs through the skin)
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| Examplse of integumentary system | Skin, Hair, Nails, Sebacceous Glands (Oil glands) sweat glands.
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| Organ system - Support and movement | Skeletal & Muscular
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| Organ sysstem- Support functoin | skeletal
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| Organ protection, musccle attachment, blood production (in long and flat bones) and mineral storage. | Exampless of skeletal function
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| movement, thermoreg, posture, and venous circulation | Examples of muscle function.
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| Skeletal system | bones, ligaments, cartiladges, tendons.
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| Bicep muscles | Example of muscle system.
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| Organ system - transport | Cardiovascular & Lymphatic
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| Organ System - transport: cardiovascular | Pump and Transport blood
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| Organ System - transport: cardiovascular | It Carries oxygen from the lungs and nur nutrients to all the digestive cells.
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| Organ System - transport: cardiovascular | Thermoreg
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| Organ System - transport: cardiovascular | Transports wastes to the excretory organs.
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| Organ System - transport: cardiovascular | Blood transports hormones from endocrine glands to their target cells and carries waste from body cells.
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| Organ System - transport: cardiovascular | Heart, veins (push blood to heart), capillaries, arteries (away from heart)
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| Organ System - transport: Lymphatic- transport fluid | Transport fluid within the interstitial back to the bloodstream carrying fatty substances and lymphocytes.
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| Organ System - transport: Lymphatic - transport of fatty substances | Transport fatty substances from the digestive organs.
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| Organ System - transport: Lymphatic - Immunity | Lymphocytes remove pathogens from body
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| Organ System- Lymphatic- Interstitial spaces | Spaces between cells where lymphatic fluid flows.
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| Organ System- Lymphatic-Elephantiasis | A rare condition where ring worms get inside body and lodge htem selfs within lymph nodes preventing interstitial fluid return.
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| Organ System- Lymphatic | Lymphatic vessels and nodes, thymus and spleen.
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion | Digestive, Respiratory, Excretory
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Digestive | REcieves food, then breaks it down into simpler forms that can be absorbed into the internal environment
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: absorption | Simple forms are broken down and distributed into the internal system.
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Elimination | Removal of wastes and excess stuff
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Water absorption | Some water is absorbed in the stomach
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: vitamin production | Nutrients are broken down into simpler forms and absorbed internally; most nutrients are broken down in the small intestines
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: diegestive | Mouth, Teeh, esophogus, pharynx, liver (converts glucogen to glucose, stores excess glycogen) , gall bladders (breaks down fat), pancreas (produces insulin and glucagon), small and large intestine, stomach
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Respiratory | Gas exchange between environment and blood.
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Respiratory | Gas Exchange releases toxins (excess carbon dioxide can be fatal)
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Respiratory | Nasal Cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea , bronchi, lungs
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Respiratory | Release of toxins
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Respiratory | Nose cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Urinary-Nitrogen wastes | Removes Nitrogen wastes from the blood
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Urinary- Nitrogen wastes | Nitrogen wastes is a by product of protein metabolism: if not excreted excess will produce Ammonia which produces adverse effects.
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Urinary- Water and electrolyte imbalance. | Excess electrolytes (i.e. salts, potassium, magnesium, etc) are eliminated.
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Urinary- storage and transport | Urine is stored in the bladder and eventually is transported outside of body.
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| Organ system- Absorption and Excretion: Urinary | Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder & Urethra
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| Organ system- Reproduction | The production and transfer of gametes (egg and sperm, copulation and embryo development
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| Organ system- Reproduction: copulation | Delivery of Eggs and Sperm
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| Organ system- Reproduction: Male | Scrotumm testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethera and penis.
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| Organ system- Reproduction: Female | Ovaries, Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva.
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination | Nervous and endocrine
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: Nervous | Organs within this system use electrochemical signals (nerve impulses) to communicate with one another and to muscles and glands.
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: Nerve Impulses | Sensory reception and interpretation is transmitted to body system stimulating an action.
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: Nerve Impulses as it relates to muscles/glands | Never impulses carry signals from the brain or spinal cord stimulating them to contract or secrete products.
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: | Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs.
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: Endocrine system | Glands that secrete Chemical messengers, called hormones; AKA master control system
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: Endocrine system | Controls Metabolic activities of organs and glands and helps with homeostasis.
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: Endocrine system: Pituatary | Located in the brain
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: Endocrine system: Pituatary regulates | Regulates gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex, lactation, water balance and growth.
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: Endocrine system: Thyroid & parathyroid | Regulates metabolic rate, blood calcium and phosphates; affects bone formation.
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: Endocrine system: Adrenal | Produces steroids: Epinephrine (aka adrenaline) Noreepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: Endocrine system: Adrenal location | Ontop of kidneys
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: endocrine; Pancreas | Produces digestive gastric juices, hormones glucogen and insulin.
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: endocrine; Pancreas | This allows liver to convert glucagon to glucose.
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: endocrine; Pancreas Location | Dorsal to the stomach
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: endocrine; Ovaries | Produces estrogen hormones (female hormones)
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: endocrine; testes | Produces androgen hormones (male hormones)
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: endocrine; Pineal | Produces hormone melatonin that regulates circadian rhythms; helps with sleep
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| Organ system- Integration and Coordination: endocrine; Thymus | Thymosin hormones taht affect production of white blood cells.
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