Cardio 3
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| thrombus superimposed on plaque, leading to complete occlusion | transmural MI
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| incomplete occlusion +/- vasospasm | subendocardial MI, angina, sudden death
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| 1st step in MI | sudden change/disruption of plaque
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| 2nd step in MI | release of collagen and plaque contents
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| 3rd step in MI | stimulation of platelet adhesion and activation
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| 4th step in MI | release of platelet aggregators (TXA2)
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| 5th step in MI | vasospasm and activation of extrinsic pathway
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| 6th step in MI | occlusion
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| partial LV failure w/hypotension +/- pulmonary edema | contractile dysfunction
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| disturbances in conduction system and myocardial irritability | arrhythmias
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| myocardial rupture of ventricular free wall | cardiac tamponade
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| caused by severe pump failure | cardiogenic shock
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| most common time frame for cadiac tamponade | 3-7 days post MI
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| myocardial rupture of ventricular septum | L to R shunt
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| clinical signs of L to R shunt caused by septum rupture | murmur, CHF
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| papillary muscle rupture | acute, severe mitral regurgitation
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| most common time frame for pericarditis | 2-3 days post transmural MI
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| new necrosis adjacent to an existing infarct | extension
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| stretching, thinning, and dilation of infarcted area of myocardium | expansion
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| focal abnormality in contractility causes stasis of blood, and endocardial damage creates thrombogenic surface | mural thrombus
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| usually results from large anteroseptal MI that has undergone expansion | ventricular aneurysm
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| not likely to rupture | ventricular aneurysm
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| account for nearly half of all transplant pts | CIHD
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| enlarged, heavy heart with LV hypertrophy and dilation | CIHD
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| 80-90% is due to IHD | sudden cardiac death
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| typical mechanism of sudden cardiac death | lethal arrhythmia
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| increased cardiac mass is independent risk factor | sudden cardiac death
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| account for >90% of thrombophlebitis cases | DVTs
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| first manefestation of thrombophlebitis | PE
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| trousseau sign of malignancy | migratory thrombophlebitis
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| most common cause of lymphangitis | group A beta-hemolytic strep
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| painful subQ red streaks and painful enlargement of regional lymph nodes | lymphangitis
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| cause of primary lymphedema | congenital defect
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| congenital defect causing missing lymph channels in legs/groin | familial milroy disease
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| common cause(s) of secondary edema | malignant tumors, surgical procedures, post-irradiation fibrosis, filariasis, post inflammatory scarring
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| may be caused by persistance of edema | peau d'orange, skin ulcers
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| increased numbers of normal or abnormal BVs filled with blood | hemangioma
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| location of most superficial hemangiomas | head/neck
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| location of most internal hemangiomas | liver
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| most common variant of hemangiomas | capillary hemangiomas
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| bright red to blue, flat or elevated | capillary hemangiomas
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| unencapsulated aggregates of closely packed, blood filled, thin-walled caps with partial or complete thrombi capillary hemangiomas |
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| "strawberry type" hemangiomas | juvenile capillary hemangioma of skin
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| grows rapidly w/in first few months of age, fades at 1-3 yrs, and completely regresses by age 7 | juvenile capillary hemangioma of skin
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| less well circumscribed, large, dilated vascular channels that involve deep structures | cavernous hemangiomas
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| most problematic cavernous hemangiomas | brain hemangiomas
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| von hippel-lindau disease | cavernous hemangiomas of cerebellum, brainstem, retina
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| red-blue, soft spongy mass, 1-2 cm, sharply defined | cavernous hemangiomas
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| associated w/dystrophic calcification | cavernous hemangiomas w/intravascular thrombosis
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| rapidly growing pedunculated red nodule of skin, giniva, or oral mucosa that bleeds easily | pyogenic granuloma
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| proliferating cap's with extensive edema andd inflammatory infiltrate | pyogenic granuloma
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| involves small lymphatic channels of head, neck, axilla | simple lymphangioma
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| distinguishes hemangioma from simple lymphangiomas | presence/absence of RBCs
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| occurs in the neck or axilla of children, and may cause deformities | cavernous lymphangioma
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| associated w/turner syndrome | cavernous lymphangioma
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| massively dilated lymphatic spaces | cavernous lymphangioma
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| benign exquistely painful tumors, usually found under fingernails | glomus tumor
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| round, slightly elevated, red-blue, <1cm | glomus tumor
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| group of abnormally prominent cap's, venules, and arterioles | vscular ectasias
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| most common form of ectasia | nevus flammeus
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| light pink to dark purple, in dermis of head/neck | nevus flammeus
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| special kind of nevus flammeus that grows w/child and thickens skin surface | port wine stain
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| often follows distribution of CNV | port wine stain
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| sometimes associated w/Sturge-Weber syndrome | port wine stain
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| aka encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis | port wine stain
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| venous angiomatous mass in cortical meninges, port wine stain, MR, seizures, and hemiplegia | Sturge-Weber syndrome
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| focal network of subQ small arteries/arterioles arranged in radial fashion around a central core | spider telangiectasia
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| blanches w/pressure | spider telangiectasia
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| associated w/pregnant women and cirrhosis | spider telangiectasia
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| autosomal dominant disorder causing multiple aneurysmal telangiectasias | Osler-Weber-Rendu disease
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| aka hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias | Osler-Weber-Rendu disease
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| affects skin and oral mucosa, resp, GI, and urinary tracts | Osler-Weber-Rendu disease
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| can cause serious epistaxis, GI bleed, hematuria | Osler-Weber-Rendu disease
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| opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals | bacilliary angiomatosis
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| microorganism associated with bacilliary angiomatosis | bartonella family
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| red papules and nodules, containing neutrophils, nuclear dust, and bacteria | bacilliary angiomatosis
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| diagnosed with PCR | bacilliary angiomatosis
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| 4 forms of kaposi sarcoma | chronic, lympadenopathic, transplant-associated, AIDS associated
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| older men of easter european or mediterranean descent, red to purple skin plaques/nodules on distal lower extremities that spread proximally | chronic KS
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| location of chronic KS | remain localized to skin and subQ
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| south african bantu children, sparse skin lesions, aggressive lymphadenopathy | lymphadenopathic KS
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| associated w/solid organ transplantation that involves nodes, mucosa, and viscera | transplant-associated KS
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| virus associated with KS | HHV-8
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| 1st stage of KS | patch
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| 2nd stage of KS | plaque
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| 3rd stage of KS | nodule
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| red to purple macules, confined to distal lower extremities | patch
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| larger, raised red to purple macules, spread more proximally | plaque
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| sheets of plump, distinctly neoplastic nodules that invade subQ/dermis | nodule
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| malignant endothelial neoplasms | angiosarcoma
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| population more commonly affected w/angiosarcomas | older adults
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| common locations for angiosarcoma | skin, soft tisue, breast, liver
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| large, fleshy masses of red-tan to gray-white tissue with unclear margins | angiosarcoma
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| will have central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage | angiosarcoma
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| may be express CD31 or von Willebrand factor | undifferentiated angiosarcomas
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| slowly enlarging, painless mass | hemangiopericytoma
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| gaping sinusoidal spaces enclosed within nests of cells | hemangiopericytoma
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| common locations for hemangiopericytoma metastasis | lungs, bone, liver
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