Digestive and Urinary
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| functions of the digestive system | ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation
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| layers of the GI tract | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
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| mucosa | epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
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| MALT | mucus-associated lymphatic tissue to protect against entry of pathogens through GI
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| submucosa | connective tissue; blood and lymphatic vessels
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| muscularis | actual contractions
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| serosa | outermost layer; also called visceral peritoneum
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| peritoneum layers | parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, retropertitoneal
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| tongue | extrinsic muscle moves food, intrinsic muscle changes shape; lingual lipase begins digestion of lipids
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| salivary glands | 99.5% water, 5% solute; IgA for protection; lysozyme and amylase for digestion
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| teeth | enamel, dentin, pulp cavity, apical foramen
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| stomach | mixing chamber and storage area for food
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| digestion of starch and triglycerides continues, digestion of protein begins in | stomach
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| chyme | works with acid and mucus to do mixing in stomach
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| 4 main regions of stomach | cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
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| histology of stomach | mucosa, gastric glands, submucosa, muscularis, serosa; 3 muscle layer and thick mucus layer
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| pancreatic juice | pH 7.1 - 8.2 > to neutralize acidic food when leaving stomach
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| pancreatic juice contains | water, salts, sodium bicarbonate and enzymes
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| pancreatic amylase | digests starch
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| pancreatic lipase | digests triglycerides
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| ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease | digests nucleic acid
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| liver functions | secretes bile, digestion of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, processing drugs and hormones, excretion of bilirubin, synthesis of bile salts, storage, phagocytosis, activation of vitamin D
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| gallbladder functions | temporary storage of bile, absorption of water and ions by mucus
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| microvilli in small intestines | increase surface area for absorption
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| 3 regions of small intestines | duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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| small intestines join large intestine at | ileocecal sphincter
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| chemical digestion of carbohydrates | pancreatic amylase
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| chemical digestion of proteins | trypsin, peptidases
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| chemical digestion of lipids | pancreatic lipase
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| chemical digestion of nucleic acids | ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease
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| large intestines functions | absorb water and electrolytes, ferment carbohydrates, absorb vitamins and ions, break down proteins, decompose bilirubin, form feces
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| macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, mineral and vitamins
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| metabolic reactions | all the chemical reactions in the body
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| anabolic reactions | synthesis or build up reactions
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| catabolic reactions | decomposition or break down reactions
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| glucose catabolism | cellular respiration which produces ATP
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| carbohydrate metabolism | catabolized to monosaccharides > glucose, fructose, galactose
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| lipid metabolism | catabolic is lipolysis, anabolic is insulin stimulation
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| protein metabolism | catabolic occurs regularly, anabolic forms peptide bond to synthesize proteins
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| appendicitis | obstruction of the lumen of appendix by chyme
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| lactose intolerance | failure to produce enough lactase in the small intestine
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| This portion of the peritoneum trades over the transverse column and coils over the small intestine: | Greater Omeneum
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| _ contains skeletal muscles | muscularis
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| What cell secrete the hormone that promotes hydrochloric acid | G cells
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| Which of the following pancreatic enzyme digest lipids | Lipase
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| Remnant of fetal umbilical vein | round ligament
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| This layer of GI tract have blood supply and lymph vessels | Lamina propia
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| What cell secrete hydrocloric acid | Parietal cell
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| What is the primary function of the mouth? | Ingestion
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| What is the pigment responsible for green color | bilirubin
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| Which cell secrete lysozome | paneth
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| Recognize protein digestion | protease
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| Regulation of blood glucose | NOT function of large intestines
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| Where does glycolysis take place? | cytosol
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| This is a neufron process that results in a substance in blood entering in filtrate | Secretion
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| Liver converts Glucose to.. | Glycogen
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| What are the major nutrients in the body | Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
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| Chemical digestion of food inside of the mouth | Salivary glands
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| Blood supply starts with.. | Renal artery
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| where does the breakdown of glucose happen | Mitochondria
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| What enzyme that helps break down starch? | Amylase
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| Function of large intestine is not.. | regulation of blood glucose
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| What is the water percentage reabsorbed by PCT? | 65%
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| What is Tubular fluid? | the fluid in the tubules of the kidney. It starts as a renal ultrafiltrate in the glomerulus, changes composition through the nephron, and ends up as urine leaving through the ureters
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| What is pepsin? | enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach
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| What are fat soluble vitamins? | vitamin A, D, E, and k. Foods that contain these vitamins will not lose them when cooked.
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| What is the function of glomerular capsule | It acts as a filter that functions to process the blood and fluids that pass through the nephron to form urine that is further eliminated from the body.
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| What is a function of smooth muscle layer of the digestive system | Mixing and propulsion
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| order of filtration | glomerular capsule, PCT, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, DCT
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| Where does urine travel from the collecting duct? | papillary ducts to minor calyx to major calyx to renal pelvis to ureters to urinary bladder then through urethra out of body
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| What prevents backflow in ureters? | pressure
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| What are the major functions of kidneys? | regulate ionic composition, pH, pressure, volume, glucose; produce hormones; excrete waste and foreign substances
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| Where does the Krebs cycle take place? | mitochondria
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| What is the order of the blood supply? | begins with renal artery and ends with renal vein
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