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A&P 2 Lecture Exam 3
Digestive and Urinary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of the digestive system | ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation |
| layers of the GI tract | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
| mucosa | epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa |
| MALT | mucus-associated lymphatic tissue to protect against entry of pathogens through GI |
| submucosa | connective tissue; blood and lymphatic vessels |
| muscularis | actual contractions |
| serosa | outermost layer; also called visceral peritoneum |
| peritoneum layers | parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, retropertitoneal |
| tongue | extrinsic muscle moves food, intrinsic muscle changes shape; lingual lipase begins digestion of lipids |
| salivary glands | 99.5% water, 5% solute; IgA for protection; lysozyme and amylase for digestion |
| teeth | enamel, dentin, pulp cavity, apical foramen |
| stomach | mixing chamber and storage area for food |
| digestion of starch and triglycerides continues, digestion of protein begins in | stomach |
| chyme | works with acid and mucus to do mixing in stomach |
| 4 main regions of stomach | cardia, fundus, body, pylorus |
| histology of stomach | mucosa, gastric glands, submucosa, muscularis, serosa; 3 muscle layer and thick mucus layer |
| pancreatic juice | pH 7.1 - 8.2 > to neutralize acidic food when leaving stomach |
| pancreatic juice contains | water, salts, sodium bicarbonate and enzymes |
| pancreatic amylase | digests starch |
| pancreatic lipase | digests triglycerides |
| ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease | digests nucleic acid |
| liver functions | secretes bile, digestion of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, processing drugs and hormones, excretion of bilirubin, synthesis of bile salts, storage, phagocytosis, activation of vitamin D |
| gallbladder functions | temporary storage of bile, absorption of water and ions by mucus |
| microvilli in small intestines | increase surface area for absorption |
| 3 regions of small intestines | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| small intestines join large intestine at | ileocecal sphincter |
| chemical digestion of carbohydrates | pancreatic amylase |
| chemical digestion of proteins | trypsin, peptidases |
| chemical digestion of lipids | pancreatic lipase |
| chemical digestion of nucleic acids | ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease |
| large intestines functions | absorb water and electrolytes, ferment carbohydrates, absorb vitamins and ions, break down proteins, decompose bilirubin, form feces |
| macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, mineral and vitamins |
| metabolic reactions | all the chemical reactions in the body |
| anabolic reactions | synthesis or build up reactions |
| catabolic reactions | decomposition or break down reactions |
| glucose catabolism | cellular respiration which produces ATP |
| carbohydrate metabolism | catabolized to monosaccharides > glucose, fructose, galactose |
| lipid metabolism | catabolic is lipolysis, anabolic is insulin stimulation |
| protein metabolism | catabolic occurs regularly, anabolic forms peptide bond to synthesize proteins |
| appendicitis | obstruction of the lumen of appendix by chyme |
| lactose intolerance | failure to produce enough lactase in the small intestine |
| This portion of the peritoneum trades over the transverse column and coils over the small intestine: | Greater Omeneum |
| _ contains skeletal muscles | muscularis |
| What cell secrete the hormone that promotes hydrochloric acid | G cells |
| Which of the following pancreatic enzyme digest lipids | Lipase |
| Remnant of fetal umbilical vein | round ligament |
| This layer of GI tract have blood supply and lymph vessels | Lamina propia |
| What cell secrete hydrocloric acid | Parietal cell |
| What is the primary function of the mouth? | Ingestion |
| What is the pigment responsible for green color | bilirubin |
| Which cell secrete lysozome | paneth |
| Recognize protein digestion | protease |
| Regulation of blood glucose | NOT function of large intestines |
| Where does glycolysis take place? | cytosol |
| This is a neufron process that results in a substance in blood entering in filtrate | Secretion |
| Liver converts Glucose to.. | Glycogen |
| What are the major nutrients in the body | Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins |
| Chemical digestion of food inside of the mouth | Salivary glands |
| Blood supply starts with.. | Renal artery |
| where does the breakdown of glucose happen | Mitochondria |
| What enzyme that helps break down starch? | Amylase |
| Function of large intestine is not.. | regulation of blood glucose |
| What is the water percentage reabsorbed by PCT? | 65% |
| What is Tubular fluid? | the fluid in the tubules of the kidney. It starts as a renal ultrafiltrate in the glomerulus, changes composition through the nephron, and ends up as urine leaving through the ureters |
| What is pepsin? | enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach |
| What are fat soluble vitamins? | vitamin A, D, E, and k. Foods that contain these vitamins will not lose them when cooked. |
| What is the function of glomerular capsule | It acts as a filter that functions to process the blood and fluids that pass through the nephron to form urine that is further eliminated from the body. |
| What is a function of smooth muscle layer of the digestive system | Mixing and propulsion |
| order of filtration | glomerular capsule, PCT, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, DCT |
| Where does urine travel from the collecting duct? | papillary ducts to minor calyx to major calyx to renal pelvis to ureters to urinary bladder then through urethra out of body |
| What prevents backflow in ureters? | pressure |
| What are the major functions of kidneys? | regulate ionic composition, pH, pressure, volume, glucose; produce hormones; excrete waste and foreign substances |
| Where does the Krebs cycle take place? | mitochondria |
| What is the order of the blood supply? | begins with renal artery and ends with renal vein |
Created by:
mbrewer86