Potter and Perry 7th Edition Chapter 44
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| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) define. | Energy needed to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific period of time.
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| Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) define. | Measurement that accounts for BMR plus energy to digest meals & perform mild activity.
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| What are nutrients? | Elements necessary for body processes & function.
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| Where do nutrients come from? | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, vitamins, minerals.
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| Nutrient density define. | Proportion of essential nutrients such as fruits & vegetables, provide a large number of nutrients in relationship to kilocalories.
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| What is a kilocalorie (kcal)? | Equivalent to 1000 cal, and is the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower one kilogram (1 kg) of pure liquid water by 1º C or 1º K. Cal and kcal are used interchangeable, but do not mean the same. Kcal = dietary calorie.
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| Carbohydrates | Main source of energy in diet; each gram of produces 4 kcal.
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| Carbohydrates | Main source of energy for the brain, skeletal muscles during exercise, erythrocyte/leukocyte production, and cell function of renal medulla.
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| Saccharides | Carbohydrate units.
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| Simple Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides & disaccharides; usually found in sugar.
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| Fiber | Polysaccharide that can not be digested, adds bulk to fecal matter.
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| Protein | Source of 4 kcal, necessary for synthesis of body tissue, maintenence, and repair.
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| Other things made of protein. | Collagen, hormones, enzymes, immune cells, DNA/RNA.
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| Amino Acid | Basic component of protein.
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| Essential/Indispensable amino acids | Body cannot synthesize but must have provided in the diet.
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| Examples of essential amino acids | Histidine, lysine, phenlyalanine.
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| Nonessential/Dispensable amino acids | Those which the body can synthesize.
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| Exampless of nonessential amino acids | Alanine, asparagine, glutamic acid.
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| Simple protein define and example. | Contain ONLY amino acids or their derivatives; albumin and insulin.
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| Complex protein define and example. | Combination of amino acids nonprotein substances; lipoproteins.
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| Complete protein define and examples. | Contains all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity; Fish, chicken, soybean, turkey, and cheese.
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| Incomplete protein define and examples. | Missing 1 or more of the 9 essential amino acids; Cereals, legumes, vegetables.
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| Complementary proteins define. | Pairs of incomplete proteins that when combined supply the total amount of protein provided by complete protein sources.
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| Nitrogen Balance explain. | Nitrogen is necessary for any muscular growth. If negative, muscle protein is used. If positive, muscle protein is spared and growth occurs.
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| Lipids | Fats are the most caloric dense nutrient, provide 9 kcal composed of triglycerides and fatty acids.
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| Triglycerides | Circulate in the blood & made up of the three fatty acids attached to a glycerol.
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| Fatty Acids | Composed of chains of carbon & hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of the chain & a methyl group at the other.
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| Saturated | Each carbon in the chain has two attached hydrogen atoms.
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| Unsaturated | An unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached & the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond.
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| Monounsaturated | Fatty acids have one double bond
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| Polyunsaturated | Fatty acids have two or more double carbon bonds.
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| Essential fatty acids. | Linoleic acid, only one in humans. Lenolenic acid and arachidonic acid are manufactured when linoleic acid is present.
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| What makes up what percentage of body weight? | 60-70%
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| What 2 locations is most of the water found in the body? | Blood and muscle.
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| Vitamins | Used as catalysts in biochemical reactions, found in raw, fresh vegetables/fruits.
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| Antioxidants | Neutralize substances called free radicals including Beta-carotene, Vit A, C, E.
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| Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E, & K) | Can be stored in the body; All except D are provided in diet, D is produced in body.
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| Hypervitaminosis | Megadose (intentional or unintentional) of supplemental vitamins, usually occurs with fat-soluable b/c can build up to toxic amounts that are trapped in fat.
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| Water-Soluble Vitamins (C & B) | Not stored in the body, all provided in the diet.
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| Minerals | Inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
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| Macrominerals | Daily requirement is 100 mg or more
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| Trace Element | When less than 100 mg is needed daily.
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| Enzymes | Proteinlike substances that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions, usually has 1 specific function.
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| Enzyme activity depends on what function of the mouth? | Mechanical breakdown that increases surface area for chemical action.
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| Which nerve stimulates the GI tract and increase motility? | Vagas nerve (parasympathetic)
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| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing.
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| Where is the cardiac sphincter and what causes it to relax? | Above the stomach; pressure from bolus causes relaxation.
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| Where is the fundus located? | Upper most portion of the stomach.
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| Stomach's chief cells secrete what? | Pepsinogen.
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| Pyloric glands secrete what? | Gastrin.
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| Parietal cells secrete what? | HCl and intrinsic factor.
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| Chyme | Liquefied, acidic mass of food.
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| Small intestine secrete what 2 hormones? | Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
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| Bile manufactured, function? | Manufactured in the liver, stored in gallbladder, emulsifies fat to increase surface area.
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| Pancreatic secretions contain which 6 enzymes? | Amylase, lipase, trypsin, elastase, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.
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| Epithelial cells of the villi secret? | Sucrase, lactase, maltase, lipase, peptidase.
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| Digestion and absorption of nutrients mostly occur where? | Small intestine.
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| Carbs, protein, minerals, and water-soluable vits absorbed? | Small intestine>Processed in liver>released into portal vein circulation.
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| Fatty acid absorbed? | Lacteal ducts in the microvilli>lymphatic circulatory system.
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| Electrolytes and minerals are absorbed, Vit K and B complex are formed where? | Large intestine.
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| Metabolism | All biochemical reactions within the cells of the body.
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| Anabolism | Building of more complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients.
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| Catabolism | Breakdown of biochemical substances into smaller substances, occurs during negative nitrogen balance.
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| Body's major form of reseve energy? | Fat stored in adipose tissue.
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| Major site of protein storage? | Skeletal muscles.
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| What are the 2 types of cells that do not metabolize fatty acids? | Red blood cells and neurons.
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| Ketones | Oxidized fatty acids; energy in the absence of dietary carbohydrates (glucose).
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| Glycogen is stored where? | Liver and muscle tissue.
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| Glycogenolysis | Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide & water.
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| Glycogenesis | Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage.
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| Gluconeogenesis | Catabolism of amino acids & glycerol into glucose for energy.
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| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) | Acceptable range of amounts of vitamins and nutrients to avoid deficiencies or toxicities.
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| Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) | Recommended amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a body function for 50% of the population.
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| Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) | Average needs of 98% of the population.
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| Adequate Intake (AI) | Suggested intake for the individual based on observed estimates and is used when there is not enough evidence to set RDA.
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| Upper Intake Level (UL) | Highest level tha tis likely poses no risk of adverse health events, not a recommended level of intake.
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| Daily Values | Food labels were created by the Food & Drug Administration in response to the 1990 Nutrition Labeling & Education Act.
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| Anorexia define. | Lack of appetite or ability to eat.
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| Anorexia Nervosa | Refusal to maintain body wt.; intense fear of gaining wt.; disturbance in body wt., size, or shape; Females haven't had period in 3 + consecutive months.
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| Bulimia Nervosa | Binge eating (reoccuring); Feel of lack of control over binge eating; self-induced vomitting; 2+ binge eatings/week for 3+ months.
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| Vegetarianism | Consumption of diet consisting predominately of plant foods.
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| Anthropometry | Measurement system of size & make up of body.
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| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Measure wt.correct for height & serves as an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships.
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| Ideal Body Weight (IBW) | Provides an estimate of what a person should weigh.
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| Enteral Nutrition (EN) | Nutrients given via the GI tract.
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| Parenteral Nutrition (PN) | Form of specialized nutrient support in which nutrients are provided intravenously.
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| Lipid Emulsions | Provide supplemental kilocalories & prevent essential fatty acid deficiencies.
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| Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) | Use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury, or condition.
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| When feeding tubes are first positioned, verification is doen by: | X-ray confirmation.
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| Parenteral nutrition is used when the client is: | Experiencing a condition resulting in gastrointestinal dysfunction.
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| The bacteria that causes peptic ulcers is: | Helicobacter pylori.
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| Inflammatory Bowel Disease include? | Crohn's disease & idiopathic ulcerative colitis.
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| Nutritional therapy for hypertension includes: | Kcal reduction to promote weight loss as appropriate, decreased sodium intake, & potassium-rich foods if potassium-wasting diuretics are part of the treatment.
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