Respiratory, Digestive, Acid-Base Balance
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| microscopic air sac within the lung, where gas exchange takes place | alveolus
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| cessation of breathing after expiration | apnea
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| the bronchi and their branches that carry air from the trachea to the alveoli of the lungs | brochial tree
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| a primary branch of the trachea that leads to the lung | bronchus
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| a small branch of a bronchus within the lung | bronchioles
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| the utilization of O2 by the cells to produce ATP, CO2 and H20 | cellular respiration
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| ring-shaped mass of cartilage at the base of the larynx | cricoid cartilage
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| difficult or labored breathing | dyspnea
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| normal (quiet) breathing | eupnea
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| exchange of gases between alveoli and blood | external respiration
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| prolonged rapid and deep breathing | hyperventilation
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| decrease in respiratory rate, very slow and shallow breathing | hypoventilation
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| deficiency of O2 in arterial blood | hypoxemia
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| deficiency of O2 reaching the tissues and cells | hypoxia
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| deficiency of O2 reaching the tissues and cells because of diminished blood flow | ischemic hypoxia
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| deficiency of O2 reaching the tissues and cells because of diminished RBCs and hemoglobin | anemic hypoxia
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| exchange of gases between the blood and tissues (or body cells) | internal respiration
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| process of mechanically moving air into and out of the lungs | pulmonary ventilation
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| the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells | respiration
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| one inspiration followed by one expiration | respiratory cycle
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| the force that adheres moist membranes due to the attraction of water molecules | surface tension
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| increased breathing (frequency) but not necessarily an increase in tidal volume | tachypnea
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| Name the structures of the upper respiratory tract. | nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx
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| Name the structures of the lower respiratory tract. | trachea, bronchial tree and lungs
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| bone and cartilage with 2 nostrils for air passage | nose
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| hollow space behind the nose | nasal cavity
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| separates nasal cavity into left and right halves (is composed of bone and cartilage) | nasal septum
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| bones that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; they increase surface area and support the mucouse membrane which lines the cavity | nasal conchae
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| lines the nasal cavity and contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium rich in goblet cells | mucous membrane
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| specialized epilthelial cells located superiorly in the nasal cavity | olfactory receptor cells
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| air filled spaces located within the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones and open into the nasal cavity | paranasal sinuses
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| (throat) behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larynx | pharynx
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| name the three parts of the pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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| these tubes provide a connection to the middle ear and permit equalization of pressure between the external and middle ear | eustachian tubes
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| this structure houses the vocal cords and is called the voice box | larynx
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| Name the components of the larynx. | thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, vocal folds (cords), glottis and epiglottis
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| superior large fused cartilage forming the anterior and lateral wall of the larynx; the adams apple) | thyroid cartilage
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| the purpose of this structure made-up of 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings, is to conduct air to the lungs | trachea
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| Describe the breakdown of the bronchial tree. | Right and left primary bronchi come off of the trachea, primary are broken down into secondary bronchi *three branches on the right and two branches on the left* (one for each lobe of the lung). secondary divide into smaller tubes and become bronchioles
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| what structures do bronchioles branch into? | alveolar ducts, which connect to thin walled out-pouchings called alveolar sacs
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| where does gas exchange take place? | alveoli
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| spongy, cone-shaped organs composed of tubular structures and alveoli bound together by elastic connective tissue | lungs
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| what are the lungs encased by? | ribs and diaphragm
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| What is the difference between visceral and parietal pleura? | visceral pleura is a serous membrane attached to the surace of the lung. parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
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| the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura that contains a thin layer of seous fluid which serves as a lubricant to allow a sliding movement between the lungs and chest wall | intrapleural space
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| number of lobes in the right lung | three
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| name of the indentation in the left lung where the heart lies | cardiac notch
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| this is considered the main muscle of inspiration | diaphragm
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| true or false. during the contraction of the diaphragm on inspiration, the structure lowers as a whole | true
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| muscles that aid in pulling the thoracic cage further upward and outward | accessory muscles, such as the pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid
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| true or false. becase the pressure inside the lung is greater than the atmospheric pressure, air will rush in until the pressures are equalized | false. pressure inside the lung is less than that of atmospheric pressure
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| paralysis is caused by injures that occure above which spinal nerve | C-3
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| thre process of pushing air out of the lungs | expiration
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| how are respiratory volumes measured? | spirometry
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| the volume of air that is inspired or expired suring a normal respiratory cycle | tidal volume; 500mL
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| constitutes the maximum air that can be inspired beyond normal tidal inspiration during forced inspiration | inspiratory reserve volume; 3000-3300mL
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| constitutes the maximum amount of air that can be expired beyond normal tidal expiration during forced expiration | expiratory reserve volume; 1100-1200mL
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| constitutes the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum forced expiration | residual volume
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| the maximum amount of air that a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible | vital capacity; 4500-5000mL
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| Vital Capacity= | Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
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| total lung capacity | 5700-6200mL; will vary with age, sex and body size
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| total lung capacity = | vital capacity + residual volume
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| true or false. respiratory muscles are under voluntary control | true
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| this is located in the brainstem and controls both inspiration and expiration | respiratory center
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| this is responsible for the rhythmicity of breathing | medulla oblongata
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| pneumotaxic area and responsible for the rate of breathing; regulates the duration of each inspiratory burst | the pons
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| what regulates the depth of breathing | inflation reflex
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| the largest amount of CO2 is transported in the form of what? | bicarbonate ions
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| an solution that has a pH less than 7.0 | acid
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| negative charged ions | anion
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| an solution has a pH greater than 7.0 | base
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| the conjugate base of a weak acid | buffer
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| positive charged ions | cation
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| CO2 | carbon dioxide
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| C3H6O3 | lactic acid
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| substance that dissolves in water and results in a solution that conducts an electric current | electrolyte
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| HCo3- | bicarbonate
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| H2Co3 | Carbonic acid
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| defined as balance. | homeostasis
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| H+ | hydrogen
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| an atom or group of bonded atoms which have lost or gained on or more electrons, making them negatively or positively charged | ion
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| describes the loss of electorns by a molecule, atom or ion | oxidation
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| stands for power of H, or the amount of H+ ions, acids, or bases take or contribute n solution. | pH
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| describes the gain of electorns by a molecule, atom, or ion | reduction
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| in human physiology, the primary electrolytes are (seven) | sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cholride, phosphate, hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
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| pH 7 | neutral solution
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| normal blood pH range | 7.35-7.45
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| the utilization of nutrients by living tissue and cells | assimilation
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| the movement of nutrients into the circulatory system | absorption
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| a mass of food and saliva that is ready to be swallowed | bolus
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| a semi-fluid mixture of food and gastric juice | chyme
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| the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells | digestion
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| the elimination of indigestible substances from the colon | defecation
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| the taking in of food into the mouth | ingestion
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| the process of breaking food down into smaller pieces and mixing with digestive juices without altering the chemical composition | mechanical digestion
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| how long is the digestive system, extending from mouth to anus | about 9 meters long
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| the two main groups of the digestive system | alimentary canal and accessory organs
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| structures of the alimentary canal | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
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| structures of accessory organs | salivary glands, teeth and tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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| the walls of the alimentary canal consist of four distinct layers: | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
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| wave-like motion that propels food through the alimentary canal toward the anal sphincter | peristalsis
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| forms the roof of the oral cavity | hard and soft palate
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| structure that prevents any food or liquids from entering the nasal cavities above the mouth | uvula
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| responsible for the MECHANICAL digestion | teeth
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| these teeth begin erupting around 6 motnhs of age | diciduous
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| these teeth begin erupting around 6 years of age | permanent
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| two types of secretory cells within the salivary glands | serous cells and mucous cells
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| what do serous cells secrete | amylase
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| three pairs of major salivary glands | parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
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| stomach is divided into three areas | fundus, body, and pyloric region
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| as the pH increases, the amount of H+ ions.. | decreases
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| enlarged vein inside or outside of the rectum | hemorrhoids
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| surgically created opening | ostomy
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| a mouth-like opening | stoma
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| presence of fecal mass too large or hard to pass voluntarily | impaction
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| lack of voluntary control of defication | incontinence
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| when inserting an NG tube, the physician should be notified after... | two failed attempts
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