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68WM6-A&P4
Respiratory, Digestive, Acid-Base Balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| microscopic air sac within the lung, where gas exchange takes place | alveolus |
| cessation of breathing after expiration | apnea |
| the bronchi and their branches that carry air from the trachea to the alveoli of the lungs | brochial tree |
| a primary branch of the trachea that leads to the lung | bronchus |
| a small branch of a bronchus within the lung | bronchioles |
| the utilization of O2 by the cells to produce ATP, CO2 and H20 | cellular respiration |
| ring-shaped mass of cartilage at the base of the larynx | cricoid cartilage |
| difficult or labored breathing | dyspnea |
| normal (quiet) breathing | eupnea |
| exchange of gases between alveoli and blood | external respiration |
| prolonged rapid and deep breathing | hyperventilation |
| decrease in respiratory rate, very slow and shallow breathing | hypoventilation |
| deficiency of O2 in arterial blood | hypoxemia |
| deficiency of O2 reaching the tissues and cells | hypoxia |
| deficiency of O2 reaching the tissues and cells because of diminished blood flow | ischemic hypoxia |
| deficiency of O2 reaching the tissues and cells because of diminished RBCs and hemoglobin | anemic hypoxia |
| exchange of gases between the blood and tissues (or body cells) | internal respiration |
| process of mechanically moving air into and out of the lungs | pulmonary ventilation |
| the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells | respiration |
| one inspiration followed by one expiration | respiratory cycle |
| the force that adheres moist membranes due to the attraction of water molecules | surface tension |
| increased breathing (frequency) but not necessarily an increase in tidal volume | tachypnea |
| Name the structures of the upper respiratory tract. | nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx |
| Name the structures of the lower respiratory tract. | trachea, bronchial tree and lungs |
| bone and cartilage with 2 nostrils for air passage | nose |
| hollow space behind the nose | nasal cavity |
| separates nasal cavity into left and right halves (is composed of bone and cartilage) | nasal septum |
| bones that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; they increase surface area and support the mucouse membrane which lines the cavity | nasal conchae |
| lines the nasal cavity and contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium rich in goblet cells | mucous membrane |
| specialized epilthelial cells located superiorly in the nasal cavity | olfactory receptor cells |
| air filled spaces located within the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones and open into the nasal cavity | paranasal sinuses |
| (throat) behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larynx | pharynx |
| name the three parts of the pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
| these tubes provide a connection to the middle ear and permit equalization of pressure between the external and middle ear | eustachian tubes |
| this structure houses the vocal cords and is called the voice box | larynx |
| Name the components of the larynx. | thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, vocal folds (cords), glottis and epiglottis |
| superior large fused cartilage forming the anterior and lateral wall of the larynx; the adams apple) | thyroid cartilage |
| the purpose of this structure made-up of 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings, is to conduct air to the lungs | trachea |
| Describe the breakdown of the bronchial tree. | Right and left primary bronchi come off of the trachea, primary are broken down into secondary bronchi *three branches on the right and two branches on the left* (one for each lobe of the lung). secondary divide into smaller tubes and become bronchioles |
| what structures do bronchioles branch into? | alveolar ducts, which connect to thin walled out-pouchings called alveolar sacs |
| where does gas exchange take place? | alveoli |
| spongy, cone-shaped organs composed of tubular structures and alveoli bound together by elastic connective tissue | lungs |
| what are the lungs encased by? | ribs and diaphragm |
| What is the difference between visceral and parietal pleura? | visceral pleura is a serous membrane attached to the surace of the lung. parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity |
| the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura that contains a thin layer of seous fluid which serves as a lubricant to allow a sliding movement between the lungs and chest wall | intrapleural space |
| number of lobes in the right lung | three |
| name of the indentation in the left lung where the heart lies | cardiac notch |
| this is considered the main muscle of inspiration | diaphragm |
| true or false. during the contraction of the diaphragm on inspiration, the structure lowers as a whole | true |
| muscles that aid in pulling the thoracic cage further upward and outward | accessory muscles, such as the pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid |
| true or false. becase the pressure inside the lung is greater than the atmospheric pressure, air will rush in until the pressures are equalized | false. pressure inside the lung is less than that of atmospheric pressure |
| paralysis is caused by injures that occure above which spinal nerve | C-3 |
| thre process of pushing air out of the lungs | expiration |
| how are respiratory volumes measured? | spirometry |
| the volume of air that is inspired or expired suring a normal respiratory cycle | tidal volume; 500mL |
| constitutes the maximum air that can be inspired beyond normal tidal inspiration during forced inspiration | inspiratory reserve volume; 3000-3300mL |
| constitutes the maximum amount of air that can be expired beyond normal tidal expiration during forced expiration | expiratory reserve volume; 1100-1200mL |
| constitutes the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum forced expiration | residual volume |
| the maximum amount of air that a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible | vital capacity; 4500-5000mL |
| Vital Capacity= | Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume |
| total lung capacity | 5700-6200mL; will vary with age, sex and body size |
| total lung capacity = | vital capacity + residual volume |
| true or false. respiratory muscles are under voluntary control | true |
| this is located in the brainstem and controls both inspiration and expiration | respiratory center |
| this is responsible for the rhythmicity of breathing | medulla oblongata |
| pneumotaxic area and responsible for the rate of breathing; regulates the duration of each inspiratory burst | the pons |
| what regulates the depth of breathing | inflation reflex |
| the largest amount of CO2 is transported in the form of what? | bicarbonate ions |
| an solution that has a pH less than 7.0 | acid |
| negative charged ions | anion |
| an solution has a pH greater than 7.0 | base |
| the conjugate base of a weak acid | buffer |
| positive charged ions | cation |
| CO2 | carbon dioxide |
| C3H6O3 | lactic acid |
| substance that dissolves in water and results in a solution that conducts an electric current | electrolyte |
| HCo3- | bicarbonate |
| H2Co3 | Carbonic acid |
| defined as balance. | homeostasis |
| H+ | hydrogen |
| an atom or group of bonded atoms which have lost or gained on or more electrons, making them negatively or positively charged | ion |
| describes the loss of electorns by a molecule, atom or ion | oxidation |
| stands for power of H, or the amount of H+ ions, acids, or bases take or contribute n solution. | pH |
| describes the gain of electorns by a molecule, atom, or ion | reduction |
| in human physiology, the primary electrolytes are (seven) | sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cholride, phosphate, hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) |
| pH 7 | neutral solution |
| normal blood pH range | 7.35-7.45 |
| the utilization of nutrients by living tissue and cells | assimilation |
| the movement of nutrients into the circulatory system | absorption |
| a mass of food and saliva that is ready to be swallowed | bolus |
| a semi-fluid mixture of food and gastric juice | chyme |
| the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells | digestion |
| the elimination of indigestible substances from the colon | defecation |
| the taking in of food into the mouth | ingestion |
| the process of breaking food down into smaller pieces and mixing with digestive juices without altering the chemical composition | mechanical digestion |
| how long is the digestive system, extending from mouth to anus | about 9 meters long |
| the two main groups of the digestive system | alimentary canal and accessory organs |
| structures of the alimentary canal | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus |
| structures of accessory organs | salivary glands, teeth and tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| the walls of the alimentary canal consist of four distinct layers: | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa |
| wave-like motion that propels food through the alimentary canal toward the anal sphincter | peristalsis |
| forms the roof of the oral cavity | hard and soft palate |
| structure that prevents any food or liquids from entering the nasal cavities above the mouth | uvula |
| responsible for the MECHANICAL digestion | teeth |
| these teeth begin erupting around 6 motnhs of age | diciduous |
| these teeth begin erupting around 6 years of age | permanent |
| two types of secretory cells within the salivary glands | serous cells and mucous cells |
| what do serous cells secrete | amylase |
| three pairs of major salivary glands | parotid, submandibular, and sublingual |
| stomach is divided into three areas | fundus, body, and pyloric region |
| as the pH increases, the amount of H+ ions.. | decreases |
| enlarged vein inside or outside of the rectum | hemorrhoids |
| surgically created opening | ostomy |
| a mouth-like opening | stoma |
| presence of fecal mass too large or hard to pass voluntarily | impaction |
| lack of voluntary control of defication | incontinence |
| when inserting an NG tube, the physician should be notified after... | two failed attempts |
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