Urinary System, Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Homeostasis
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| show | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, and 1 urethra
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| Location of kidneys | show 🗑
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| Renal capsule | show 🗑
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| Adipose capsule | show 🗑
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| show | thin dense, irregular connective tissue to anchor kidney to abdominal wall
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| show | floating kidney
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| Renal hilus | show 🗑
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| show | cavity within the kidney where hilus enters
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| show | superficial "rind-like" region extending medially to form renal columns
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| show | darker inner-most region containing 8-18 renal pyramids
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| show | drainage area for nephron collecting tubules
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| show | single large cavity receiving urine from major calyces
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| show | innervated by nerves from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
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| blood supply for kidneys | show 🗑
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| show | functional unit of the kidney
1 million/kidney=85 miles
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| Renal corpuscle | show 🗑
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| show | special capillary network between the afferent & efferent arterioles; basement membrane blocks passage of blood cells & large plasma proteins
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| Bowman's capsule | show 🗑
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| Renal tubule | show 🗑
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| Function of renal tubule | show 🗑
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| PCT cells | show 🗑
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| show | simple squamous cells for osmosis & diffusion
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| Thick ascending loop | show 🗑
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| Macula densa cells | show 🗑
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| Juxtaglomerular(JG)cells | show 🗑
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| Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) | show 🗑
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| show | contain special principal cells that respond to hormones ADH & aldosterone to help balance fluid, electrolytes, & water level
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| What is the secondary capillary system that surrounds each nephron? | show 🗑
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| show | Cortical & Juxtamedullary
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| show | glomerulus lies in outer region of renal cortex; short loop of Henle (80-85%)
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| Juxtamedullry nephron | show 🗑
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| show | Filtration, reabsorption, & secretion
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| Glomerular filtration | show 🗑
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| What is the amount of glomerular filtration? | show 🗑
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| Why does so much material enter tubule system? | show 🗑
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| Tubular reabsorption | show 🗑
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| show | Plasma proteins DO NOT enter tubule system, their presence in the peritubular capillaries acts as a magnet to draw fluid back into bloodstream (oncotic pressure)
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| show | Movement of material from blood into filtrate
Takes place via the peritubular capillaries
Maintains plasma pH and for elimination of creatinine,NH3,H+,K+,Rx, misc
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| Urinary excretion | show 🗑
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| Renal Plasma Clearance | show 🗑
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| Layers of glomerular filtration from inner to outer | show 🗑
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| How is renal function measured? | show 🗑
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| GFR | show 🗑
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| How is renal regulation achieved? | show 🗑
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| show | intrinsic process for short-term regulation
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| show | during high activity level or with hemorrhage, sympathetic system nerves promote renal arteriole constriction to shunt blood back to heart and decrease GFR
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| Hormonal regulation | show 🗑
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| show | affected by hormone levels & countercurrent flow
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| show | descending loop fluid flows next to but in opposite direction of fluid in ascending loop
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| Caffeine | show 🗑
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| show | blocks secretion of ADH
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| Lasix | show 🗑
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| show | analysis of volume, physical, chemical & microscopic properties of urine
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| Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | show 🗑
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| Plasma creatinine | show 🗑
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| Ureters | show 🗑
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| rugae | show 🗑
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| show | 700-800 mL
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| show | the smooth muscle layer of bladder responsible for internal involuntary control
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| external urethral sphincter | show 🗑
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| urination | show 🗑
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| show | lack of urinary control
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| urethra | show 🗑
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| show | Body fluid/water and its dissolved solutes (electrolytes)
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| Average Total Body Water | show 🗑
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| Intracellular fluid (ICF) | show 🗑
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| show | fluid NOT located within cells; 1/3 TBW
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| show | <20% plasma(intravascular(IV))-within blood vessels
<80% interstitial(IF)-between cells
<5% misc specialized fluids (third spaces)
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| Movement of fluids is primarily driven by? | show 🗑
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| show | movement of water and small dissolved molecules across a semi-permeable barrier
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| Sources of body fluid (water) gain | show 🗑
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| Sources of body fluid (water) loss | show 🗑
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| show | Substance that forms ions when dissolved in water
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| show | Charged atom (cation+;anion-);conduct weak electrical current; ie Na+,K+,Cl-,H+,HCO3-
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| show | Substance that does not ionize when dissolved in water due to strong covalent bonds holding molecule together; ie glucose, urea, proteins
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| Functions of electrolytes | show 🗑
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| Functions of nonelectrolytes | show 🗑
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| milliequivalents/liter(mEq/L) | show 🗑
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| show | relates total number of particles in a solution; important for determining if H2O will move in/out of compartment
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| show | across cell membranes via osmosis
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| Exchange between plasma(IV) and IF occurs | show 🗑
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| Osmotic pressure(OP) | show 🗑
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| show | endo & exocytosis of large molecules
ie nutrients & hormones
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| Diffusion | show 🗑
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| Filtration(bulk flow) | show 🗑
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| Reabsorption | show 🗑
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| show | Edema
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| show | accumulation of fluid in IF due to decreased reabsorption into IV(plasma)
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| Ascites | show 🗑
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| show | a.Increased Na+ intake->water retention=increased bp
b.decreased fluid output by kidney=increased bp
c.decreased circulation of fluid due to cardiac, blood, or lymph vessel problems
d.decreased plasma protein(albumin)->decreased OCP=decreased PULL of m
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| show | H+
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| Alkalinity is determined by what? | show 🗑
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| ECF pH range | show 🗑
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| show | a.Buffer Systems
b.Respiration
c.Kidney Excretion
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| show | a.protein buffers
b.phosphate buffers
c.carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
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| show | carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
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| show | instantly, but temporarily bind excess H+ to remove it from ECF, but NOT body; buffer="sponge" that converts strong acids/bases into weak acids/bases
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| Phosphate buffer | show 🗑
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| show | found in plasma & kidney cells
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| show | rapid adjustment of pH via exhalation of H2CO3=volatile acid
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| show | slow adjustment of pH via secretion of nonvolitile(fixed) acids into urine and reabsorption of HCO3- by kidney
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| show | blood pH <7.35
s/s-depression of CNS
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| Alkalosis | show 🗑
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| show | physiological response to acid-base imbalance that attempts to restore the body to homeostasis
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| show | 75-90% (most is in ECF)
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| show | 50%
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| show | Urethra
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| Which of the following structures are found in the renal cortex? | show 🗑
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| show | Glomerulus
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| Urine contains | show 🗑
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| The renal pelvis | show 🗑
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| show | Renin
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| show | Active transport
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| show | Renal fascia
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| In renal interstitial fluid | show 🗑
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| Filtration of blood | show 🗑
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| The loop of Henle is associated with | show 🗑
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| show | Regulate blood ionic composition
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| show | Large proteins
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| show | Renal capsule
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| The renal papillae contain papillary ducts which empty into the | show 🗑
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| Reabsorption is the movement of molecules from the_________into the________. | show 🗑
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| show | thick ascending loop of Henle
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| show | Diffusion
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| show | blood hydrostatic pressure
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| show | external urethral orifice
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| The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which functions to | show 🗑
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| show | proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
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| Urine reaches the urinary bladder through the | show 🗑
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| The nephron has two parts. What are they? | show 🗑
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| show | podocytes
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| show | countercurrent mechanism
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| show | adipose tissue
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| Renal blood pressure remains fairly constant due to the function of the | show 🗑
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| show | thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
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| show | distal convoluted tubule
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| show | proximal convoluted tubule
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| show | cuboidal cells with many microvilli
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| Net filtration pressure in the kidney | show 🗑
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| Enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus | show 🗑
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| show | thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
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| During the micturition reflex_________. | show 🗑
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| The only place in the kidney where filtration occurs is the | show 🗑
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| The urinary bladder in the female lies inferior to the | show 🗑
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| show | Phosphate
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| show | A higher concentration of potassium than interstitial fluid
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| Parathyroid hormone | show 🗑
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| Lower than normal blood concentration of sodium | show 🗑
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| show | Sodium
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| Electrolytes | show 🗑
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| show | Necessary for generation of action potentials
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| Reabsorption of sodium from the tubules of the nephron establishes an osmotic gradient that causes______to move back into the blood. | show 🗑
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| show | pH
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| The only way the body can get rid of the huge acid load produced by metabolic reactions is to | show 🗑
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| show | Rectum
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