Urinary System, Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Homeostasis
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| Urinary system organization | show 🗑
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| Location of kidneys | show 🗑
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| Renal capsule | show 🗑
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| Adipose capsule | show 🗑
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| Renal fascia | show 🗑
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| Nephroptosis | show 🗑
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| show | deep fissure on the concave border through which urether leaves kidney and blood, lymph, & nerve supply enters the kidney
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| Renal sinus | show 🗑
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| show | superficial "rind-like" region extending medially to form renal columns
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| show | darker inner-most region containing 8-18 renal pyramids
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| show | drainage area for nephron collecting tubules
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| show | single large cavity receiving urine from major calyces
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| show | innervated by nerves from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
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| show | abdominal aorta branches into the R&L renal arteries
receives 1200 mL blood/min
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| Nephron | show 🗑
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| show | lies in the renal cortex and is where plasma is filtered
composed of glomerulus & Bowman's capsule
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| show | special capillary network between the afferent & efferent arterioles; basement membrane blocks passage of blood cells & large plasma proteins
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| show | epithelial cup surrounding glomerulus that forms a 3-layered filtration membrane
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| Renal tubule | show 🗑
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| show | passageway for the filtrate from Bowman's capsule; composed of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle (descending & ascending), and distal convuleted tubule (DCT)
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| PCT cells | show 🗑
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| show | simple squamous cells for osmosis & diffusion
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| Thick ascending loop | show 🗑
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| Macula densa cells | show 🗑
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| Juxtaglomerular(JG)cells | show 🗑
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| show | Macula densa & JG cells
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| show | contain special principal cells that respond to hormones ADH & aldosterone to help balance fluid, electrolytes, & water level
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| show | peritubular (vasa recta) capillaries
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| What are the two types of nephrons? | show 🗑
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| show | glomerulus lies in outer region of renal cortex; short loop of Henle (80-85%)
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| Juxtamedullry nephron | show 🗑
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| What are the three basic processes performed by the nephrons while producing urine? | show 🗑
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| Glomerular filtration | show 🗑
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| show | 180 L (48 gal)=125 cc/min filtrate enters yet only 1-2 L excreted/day (60X/d)
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| Why does so much material enter tubule system? | show 🗑
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| show | selective return of water & solutes to bloodstream; 99% of filtrates reabsorbed into secondary capillary bed (peritubular capillaries)
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| How does so much material get reabsorbed from the tubule system? | show 🗑
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| Tubular secretion | show 🗑
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| show | Final elimination of wastes, excess H2O, and electrolytes
=glomerular filtration+tubular secretion-tubular reabsorption
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| Renal Plasma Clearance | show 🗑
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| Layers of glomerular filtration from inner to outer | show 🗑
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| How is renal function measured? | show 🗑
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| show | averages 105-125 mL filtrate/min and maintained at this rate over a 80-180 mmHG bp range
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| show | Renal autoregulation
Neural regulation
Hormonal regualtion
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| Renal autoregulation | show 🗑
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| show | during high activity level or with hemorrhage, sympathetic system nerves promote renal arteriole constriction to shunt blood back to heart and decrease GFR
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| Hormonal regulation | show 🗑
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| regulation of urine concentration | show 🗑
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| countercurrent flow | show 🗑
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| show | blocks Na+ reabsorption
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| show | blocks secretion of ADH
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| show | blocks Na+ reabsorption at different points along the tubule (esp in Loop region)
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| Urinalysis | show 🗑
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| show | measures how much urea is in blood
increased urea=decreased GFR
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| Plasma creatinine | show 🗑
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| show | transport urine from renal pelvis via peristalsis & gravity (1-5 waves/min)
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| show | folds in mucosal lining of bladder that allow for increased surface area (volume)
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| show | 700-800 mL
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| internal urethral sphincter | show 🗑
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| show | the smooth muscle layer of the bladder responsible for external voluntary control
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| show | control of micturition
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| incontinence | show 🗑
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| urethra | show 🗑
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| show | Body fluid/water and its dissolved solutes (electrolytes)
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| show | Females=55%
Males=60%
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| show | fluid located within cells; 2/3 TBW
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| show | fluid NOT located within cells; 1/3 TBW
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| show | <20% plasma(intravascular(IV))-within blood vessels
<80% interstitial(IF)-between cells
<5% misc specialized fluids (third spaces)
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| Movement of fluids is primarily driven by? | show 🗑
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| show | movement of water and small dissolved molecules across a semi-permeable barrier
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| Sources of body fluid (water) gain | show 🗑
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| Sources of body fluid (water) loss | show 🗑
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| Electrolyte | show 🗑
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| show | Charged atom (cation+;anion-);conduct weak electrical current; ie Na+,K+,Cl-,H+,HCO3-
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| show | Substance that does not ionize when dissolved in water due to strong covalent bonds holding molecule together; ie glucose, urea, proteins
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| show | a.Regulate movement of water(osmosis) between body compartments
b.Help maintain acid-base balance
c.Function as cofactors for certain enzymes
d.Carry weak electrical current->action potential->neuromuscular activity
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| show | a.Regulate movement of water between body compartments via oncotic pressure
b. Nutrients or waste products of cellular metabolism
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| milliequivalents/liter(mEq/L) | show 🗑
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| milliosmoles/liter(mOsm/L) | show 🗑
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| show | across cell membranes via osmosis
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| show | across capillary walls via:
a.Vesicular transport
b.Diffusion
c.Filtration
d.Reabsorption
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| Osmotic pressure(OP) | show 🗑
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| Vesicular transport(transcytosis) | show 🗑
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| show | direct movement across capillary walls based on concentration difference=osmotic pressure (OP)
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| Filtration(bulk flow) | show 🗑
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| Reabsorption | show 🗑
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| Unequal movements of fluid across cell membranes or capillary walls can result in? | show 🗑
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| Edema | show 🗑
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| show | Abdominal edema
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| show | a.Increased Na+ intake->water retention=increased bp
b.decreased fluid output by kidney=increased bp
c.decreased circulation of fluid due to cardiac, blood, or lymph vessel problems
d.decreased plasma protein(albumin)->decreased OCP=decreased PULL of m
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| Acidity is determined by what? | show 🗑
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| Alkalinity is determined by what? | show 🗑
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| show | 7.35-7.45
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| show | a.Buffer Systems
b.Respiration
c.Kidney Excretion
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| show | a.protein buffers
b.phosphate buffers
c.carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
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| show | carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
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| show | instantly, but temporarily bind excess H+ to remove it from ECF, but NOT body; buffer="sponge" that converts strong acids/bases into weak acids/bases
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| Phosphate buffer | show 🗑
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| show | found in plasma & kidney cells
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| Respiration | show 🗑
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| Kidney excretion | show 🗑
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| Acidosis | show 🗑
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| Alkalosis | show 🗑
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| show | physiological response to acid-base imbalance that attempts to restore the body to homeostasis
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| How much TBW do infants have? | show 🗑
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| How much TBW do the elderly have? | show 🗑
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| Urine leaves the urinary bladder through the | show 🗑
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| Which of the following structures are found in the renal cortex? | show 🗑
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| show | Glomerulus
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| Urine contains | show 🗑
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| show | Drains into the ureter
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| show | Renin
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| show | Active transport
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| show | Renal fascia
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| show | Sodium chloride concentration increases from cortex to medulla
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| Filtration of blood | show 🗑
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| show | Reabsorption
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| A function of the kidney is to | show 🗑
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| Which of the following molecules cannot pass the filtration membranes in the kidney? | show 🗑
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| show | Renal capsule
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| The renal papillae contain papillary ducts which empty into the | show 🗑
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| show | renal tubules, peritubular capillaries
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| Very little water reabsorption occurs in the | show 🗑
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| Sodium ions move through the apical membranes of principal cells of the collecting duct by | show 🗑
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| Glomerular filtrate is produced as a result of | show 🗑
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| show | external urethral orifice
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| The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which functions to | show 🗑
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| The pathway of fluid through a juxtamedullary nephron | show 🗑
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| show | ureter
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| show | renal corpuscle and renal tubule
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| show | podocytes
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| show | countercurrent mechanism
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| Externally, the kidney is protected and supported by connective tissue and | show 🗑
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| show | juxtaglomerular apparatus
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| Chloride ions are actively reabsorbed from the | show 🗑
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| show | distal convoluted tubule
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| Most reabsorption occures in the | show 🗑
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| show | cuboidal cells with many microvilli
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| Net filtration pressure in the kidney | show 🗑
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| Enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus | show 🗑
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| show | thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
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| During the micturition reflex_________. | show 🗑
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| show | renal corpuscle
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| The urinary bladder in the female lies inferior to the | show 🗑
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| Bone, DNA, RNA, ATP, and cell membranes all have one thing in common. They all contain_________. | show 🗑
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| show | A higher concentration of potassium than interstitial fluid
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| show | Causes renal tubule cells to reabsorb calcium
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| show | Characterized by muscular weakness, tachycardia, and dizziness
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| show | Sodium
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| Electrolytes | show 🗑
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| show | Necessary for generation of action potentials
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| show | Water
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| Hyperventilation during a panic attack causes an increase in blood_______. | show 🗑
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| show | excrete hydrogen ions in the urine
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| The urinary bladder in the male lies anterior to the | show 🗑
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