Chemistry note cards for HESI entrance exam
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| Matter that has a definite shape and volume | solid
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| Matter that changes in volume with changes in temperature and pressure | gas
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| A ____________ change of matter is when no change is made tot he chemical composition of a substance. | physical
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| Simplest of substances and is represented by a letter or letters | element
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| Law that states matter can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction | Law of conservation of mass
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| The breaking of bonds and reforming of new bonds to create new chemical compounds with different chemical formulas and different chemical properties | Chemical reaction
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| 5 main chemical reactions | synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single replacement, double replacement
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| Chemical reaction in which 2 elements combine to form a product | synthesis
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| Chemical reaction that is the breaking of a compound into component parts | decomposition
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| The chemical reaction that is the reaction of a compound with oxygen | combustion
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| Chemical reaction that consists of an active metal reaction with an ionic compound creating a new compound | single replacement
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| Chemical reaction involving 2 ionic compounds; the reactant yields "switched partners" | double replacement
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| how elements are arranged on the periodic table | by their chemical properties
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| Number that represents the # of protons an element has | atomic number
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| average of the masses of each of its isotopes as they occur in nature | atomic mass
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| Mass number - atomic number = ____________ | # of neutrons in an element
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| Columns of the periodic table = ________ | groups
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| Rows of the periodic table = ___________ | periods
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| Group IA = _____ charge | +1
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| Group IIA = ______ charge | +2
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| Group IIIA = ______ charge | +3
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| Group VA = ______ charge | -3
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| Group VIA = ______ charge | -2
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| Group VIIA = ______ charge | -1
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| Charge of noble gases | 0
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| Positively charged ions | protons
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| Negatively charged ions | electrons
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| Neutral ions | neutrons
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| # of proteins in an element = ________ | atomic number
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| proteins + neutrons = ______ | mass number
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| In ________ reactions, atoms try to reach stable electron configurations. | chemical
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| ___________ reactions take place in the nucleus, to obtain stable nuclear configurations. | nuclear
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| Word used to describe the emission of particles from an unstable nucleus. | radioactivity
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| The particles that are emitted during radioactivity | radiation
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| 3 types of radiation | alpha, beta, gamma
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| Radiation that is the emission of helium ions | alpha
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| Alpha radiation particles have a charge of ______ | +2
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| How can penetration from alpha particles be stopped? | piece of paper
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| Radiation that is a product of the decomposition of a neutron. It is composed of high-speed, high-energy electrons. | beta radiation
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| How can beta radiation particles be stopped? | aluminum foil
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| _______ radiation is high-energy electromagnetic radiation that lacks charge and mass. | gamma
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| What radiation can be stopped by several feet of concrete or several inches of lead? | gamma radiation
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| 2 types of chemical bonding | ionic & covalent
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| What bond is an electrostatic attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions? (between metals & nonmetals) | ionic
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| A single ______ bond is formed when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons. | covalent
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| A ________ bond is formed when 2 electron pairs are shared. | double covalent
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| A _______ bond is formed when 3 electron pairs are shared. | triple covalent
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| What is the strongest type of chemical bond? What is it formed by? | covalent bond; non-metals
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| In a covalent bond compound, if the electrons are shared equally, then the bond is ________. | non-polar
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| If electrons are not shared equally in a covalent bond, the bond is _______. | polar
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| _________ is based on the difference in electronegativity values for the elements involved | polarity
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| Hydrogen bonding, dipole interactions and dispersion forces. | intermolecular forces
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| Bond that is the attraction for a hydrogen atom by a highly electronegative element. | hydrogen bond
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| Elements flourine, chlorine, oxygen and nitrogen are generally involved in a ______ bond. | hydrogen
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| Bond that is the strongest of the intermolecular forces | hydrogen
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| The attractions of one dipole for another | dipole interactions
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| A _______ is created when an electron pair in a covalent bond is shared unequally | dipole
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| A dipole attraction is a _________ intermolecular force. | weak
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| The weakest of all intermolecular forces. | dispersion forces
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| Dispersion forces are typically found in ___________ covalent compounds. | Non-polar
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| 6.02 x 10^23 is a | mole
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| The mass of one mole of a substance | atomic mass
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| The part of chemistry that deals with the quantities and numeric relationships between compounds in a chemical reaction. | stoichiometry
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| To balance an equation, ______ are placed in front of each component. | coefficient
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| 4 ways to increase the reaction rate | increase temperature, increase surface area, increase concentrations and reactants and add a catalyst
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| Increasing the ___________ causes the particles to have greater kinetic energy, allowing them to move faster and have a greater chance | temperature
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| Accelerates a reaction by reducing the activation energy, or the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. | catalyst
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| ________ reaction involve the transfer of electrons from one element to another | redox
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| The loss of electrons | oxidation
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| The gain of electrons | reduction
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| Sum of oxidation #'s = __________ | The charge on polyatomic ions
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| Compounds acting as hydrogen-ion donors | acids
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| Compounds acting a hydrogen-ion acceptors | bases
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| pH value less that 7.0; taste sour/tart; produce h30+ (most of their formulas begin with H) | acids
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| Produce OH-; taste is bitter, feels slippery; conduct electricity; formulas contain OH-, pH value is greater than 7.0 | bases
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| What characterizes a chemical reaction as combustion? | adding O2
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| What is the change of potassium in KCl? | +1 because K is found in group IA
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| How many electrons does an oxygen ion have | 10 (it has an atomic # of 8 and is in group VIA, which has a -2 charge, which means it has 2 more electrons thant he 8 protons).
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| How many neutrons does an atom of carbon -14 contain? | 8 (take the mass #-atomic # = neutrons) 14-6=8
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| What is the strongest type of chemical bond? | covalent bond
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| What is the mass of one mole of CO2? | 44g/mol ( C=12.011 + (15.999 x 2) = answer)
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| How many moles are present in 2 moles of O2? | 1.204 x 10^24 ( 1 mole - 6.02 x 10^23, 2 mole would be double that)
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| What would be the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in sulfuric acid, H2SO4? | +6
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