chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 25
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| Who developed Nomenclature for Microbiology? | Carolus Linnaeus.
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| Microorganism (definition) | Organism, so small that it is UNABLE to see with the naked eye.
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| Pathogen (definition) | Microorganism that causes diseases.
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| Who defined Archae? and by doing so, created three different domains, Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. | Carl Woese.
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| Prokaroytes; (Archaea and bacteria) | Eukaryotes; (everythng else).
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| Bacteria: | 1)Prokaryote.
2)Undergoes binary fission.
3.Unicellular (One cell)
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| What is peptidoglycan? | 1)Polymer of sugar found outside the plasma membrane of bacteria, forming the cell wall.
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| What is peptidoglycans function? | 1)Forms the cell wall structure of bacteria. 2)Prevents osmotic lysis.
3.Involved in binary fission.
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| Archaea: | 1)NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN.
2)Can have cell wall but without peptidoglycan.
3. Extremophiles: found in extreme conditions.(Volcanos, cold places)
4.Similar to bacteria,(Unicellular)
5.Prokaryote
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| Eukarya: | 1)Unicellular/Multicellular.
2)Eukaryotes.
3.NO Peptidoglycan
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| Nomenclature: (definition) | 1)Carl linnaeus.
2) Binomial (2 names)(ie: Escherichia coli).
3.System of naming things.
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| What did Carl Linnaeus do? | 1)first started naming organisms into Kingdoms, order,class, family, genus,species.
2. Invented Binomial nomenclature.
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| Protozoa: | 1)Unicellular.
2)Eukaryotes.
3.Pseudopodal movement: can move(False feet)
4.Parasites: (found in soil)
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| Fungi: | 1.Unicellular/Multicellular.
2.Chitin: Armor or cell wall (made up of carbs).
3)Mold:Usually grows in lungs.
4)Yeast: usually grows in skin.
5)Some can switch between mold and yeast.
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| Algae: | 1)Multicellular (some unicell).
2)photosynthetic; O2 Production.
3)Cellulose: provide most O2 we (humans)have.
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| Helminths/Multicellular parasitic worms. | 1)Multicellular.
2)Some visible.
3)3 Categories: Round, Flat and Tapeworms.
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| Viruses: | 1)Acellular (no cells).
2)Not alive (No ribosomes).
3)Use hosts(no ribosome, must have host to replicate).
4)Simple structure.(dna or rna and capsid).
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| Who is the father of the 'microscope'? | 1)Robert hook.
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| What did Robert hooke do? | 1)First microscope.
2)Cell theory: Everything is made up of cells.
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| Who first identified microorganisms? | Leeuwenhoek: father of microbiology.
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| What is spontaneous generation? | 1) idea that living things come from nonliving things
2) ie: maggots coming from meat.
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| Who came up with the idea, spontaneous generation? | Leeuwenhoek.
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| Who made the first vaccine? | Edward Jenner.
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| Who invented the 'smallpox' vaccine? | Edward Jenner.
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| What did Edward Jenner do? | 1)First vaccine
2)invented small pox vaccine
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| What is the biogenesis theory? | Living things can only be produced by living things.
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| Who originally came up with the biogenesis theory? | Virchow.
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| Who developed aseptic techniques? (medical instrument cleaning) | Louis pasteur
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| Who invented pasteurization? | Louis Pasteur.
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| What did Louis Pasteur do? | 1) aseptic techniques.
2)Pasteurization.
3)Rabies vaccine.
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| Who invented the Rabies vaccine? | Pasteur
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| Germ theory? | That microorganisms are the causes of many diseases.
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| Etiology: definition. | cause of disease.
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| Who developed the 'germ theory'? | Robert koch.
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| Who started 'immunology'? | Paul Ehrlich.
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| Who originally treated 'syphilis'? | Paul Ehrlich.
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| What is salvarsan? | Arsenic drug originally used by Erhlich to treat syphilis.
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| Who invented 'penicillin'? | Alexander FLEMING.
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| Who started the antibiotics? | Fleming.
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| What did Paul Ehrlich do? | 1)Immunology
2)treated syphilis with salvarsan.
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| What did Fleming do? | 1)started antibiotics and
2)Invented Penicillin.
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| What are some benefits of microbes? | 1)recycling
2)sewage
3)body metabolism
4)Food industry (cheese,wine,yeast)
5)Pharmaceuticals
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| What are detremental activities of microbes? | 1)Disease
2)Food spoilage.
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| Prokaryotes: 1)No nucleus. 2)bacteria has peptidoglycan. 3)no mitochondria. 4)prokaryotes makes energy more efficient. 5)No golgi or ER. 6)70S ribosomes (smaller). 7) Bacteria has 1 chromosome, circular and is bound to cell membrane. | Eukaryotes: 1)true nucleus. 2)multiple linear chromosome. 3)cell division by mitosis. 4)bigger ribosome 80S. 5)No peptidoglycan.
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| How do prokaryotes do cell division? | Binary fission.
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| Do prokaryotes have a nucleus? | A nucleus space is present but there is NO nuclei.
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| How many Ribosomes do prokaryotes have? | 70S
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| Who has bigger ribosomes, pro or eukaryotes? | Eukaryotes have 80S, Pro has 70S. Eukaryotes has bigger.
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| Where does energy production occur in Prokaryotes? | Cell membrane.
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| Bacteria: morphology. size = 1000 micrometers | Shapes: 1)Circle, coccus (diplo). 2) Rod/line bacillus, Strep. 3) Rod(1 turn) spiral.
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| What is group translocation? | Using it as soon as it comes in the cell, a reaction occurs that requires energy.
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| What are plasmids? | 1)Located in the DNA area, responsible for resistance to antibiotic.
2)Circular piece of dna that contains specific genes on them, can go form one organisms to another.
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| Prokaryote Ribosome? | 70S. 2 subunits, 30S and 50S.
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| Virulence? | Degree of pathogenicity.
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| Endospores: | 1)Gram positive
2)dehydrated
3)thick wall.
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| What is the function of the cell wall? | 1)Shape
2)Protection
3)Virulence
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| Cell wall structure: | 1)peptidoglycan(2 saccharides)
2)NAG +NAM (crosslinks): makes the wall stronger.
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| Gram stain: What color is positive and negative? | 1)Gram positive: purple or blue.
2)gram negative: pink or red.
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| What is unique with gram positive cells? | 1)The walls are made up primarly of peptidoglycan.
2)Techoic acids help bind it together.
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| Gram negative cell wall: | 1)little peptidoglycan.
2)outer membrane.
3)porin: a protein that acts as a pore.
4)LPS:molecule made up of carbs/fats
5)Lipoprotein, connects and holds outter membrane to peptidoglycan.
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| Describe outside the cell wall: | 1)Glycocalyx is the outtermost on outside cell wall. 2)sticky polymer helps bacteria attach.
2)
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| what happens if the glycocalyx is not well oragnized? | 1)if WELL organized it will be a capsule, providing protection.
2)if NOT WELL org it will be a slime layer, that will provide attachment but little protection.
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| What does flagella do? | Helps some bacteria move, propel.
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| Axial filaments? | 1)spirochetes: moves like a snake.
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| what is fimbriae? | 1)hairlike
3)surface area.
2)Easier to spread.
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| What is Pilli? sex pilli. | 1)conjugation, transfer of gentic material from donor to recepient cell through a pilli via plasmid.
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| Catabolism | 1_degradative
2)exergonic
3)hydrolytic
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| anabolism: | 1)biosynthetic
2)endergonic
3)dehydration
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| ATP, function? | 1)way of storing energy
2)ADP+P+Energy
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| What is the purpose of breaking bonds? | To make energy.
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| Substrate: | 1)What enzymes acts upon.
2)Specific substrate for each specific enzyme
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| Apoenzyme: | 1)Protein portion.
2)Inactive enzyme.
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| Holoenzyme: | 1)Active enzyme with cofactor.
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| What is a organic cofactor called? | Conenzyme
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| What does a cofactor do? | Changes the shape of the apoenzyme so that the substrate can fit thus making a apoenzyme active.
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| What are Electron carriers? | 1)NADH and FADH2
2)Molecules that carries electrons.
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| What kind of temperature do enzymes works best in? | Higher temp
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| What is denaturing? | When a protein shape gets changed due to high temps thus making it useless.
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| What is competitive inhibitors? (blockage) | Looks like the actual enzyme and makes the substrate bind to it, thus preventing the sub from binding to the real enzyme.
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| Noncompetitive inhibitors? (active site alteration) | Allostric site. Binds to enzyme and changes the shape.
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| What is oxidation? | when you lose a electron.
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| What is reduction? | You gain a electron.
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| What is the difference between respiration and fermentation? | 1)The FEA for resp is inorganic (O2)
2)The FEA for Ferm is organic (carbon).
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| What happens if the FEA is organic? | 1) There will be no ETC.
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| What is the final electron acceptor? (FEA) | 1)the last compound that gets oxidized and reduced. (gains E-)
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| NADH + FADH2 | 1) electron carriers that take electrons to the ETC to make atp.
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| Glycolysis: | 1)When glucose is broken down to make 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
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| Where is the ETC located? | 1)Inner membrane of mitochondria.
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| What is the purpose of moving Electron down the FEA? | 1)To make energy to pump hydrogen outside.
2)When H+ moves outside, it moves the ATP pump, creating energy to make ATP.
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| Where does glycolysis occur? | 1)Cytoplasm for both EU/PRO.
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| Where does Krebs cycle occur? | 1)Cytoplasm:Pro
2)Mitochondria: EUK
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| ETC occurs where? | 1)PRO: cell membrane
2)EUK: Inner membrane of mitochondria.
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| What is DNA? | sequence of bases.
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| What are genes? | 1)Piece segment of DNA or RNA and code for a specific product.
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| What are chromosomes? | 1)A bunch of genes together with protein that produces it.
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| what are genomes? | 1)The whole genetic material that makes up a organism. (chromosome+genes)
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| DNA: Describe. | 1)Double-stranded
2)Phosphate groups, deoxyribose, and bases (nitrogenous).
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| What is base pairing? | Some base only pair with each other bcuz of their shapes.
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| Complementary strands: | 1)Specific base pairing: A=T, G=C.
2)Exactly the same if read in the opposie directions.
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| What are phenotype and genotype? | 1)Phenotype are the physical characteristic
2)genotype is a symbol.it is what genes you have.
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| Bacteria has semi-conservative replication, what is that? | 1)makes a parent strand plus a new strand.
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| what direction is dna replication? | 3’End
OH- at 3rdC
5’End
PO4- at 5thC
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| What are the steps in replication? | 1)unwinding
2)leading strand:(make continuosly)
3)lagging strand: (make in fragments)
4)ligation: two dna strand are the same just in opposite direction.
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| what is dna helicase? | 1)Keeps the DNA open.
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| what is Dna gyrase? | 1)Unwinds/opens the DNA.
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| Dna polymerase adds bases where? | 1)At the 3 prime end.
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| Which end does Dna polymerase synthesize? | 1)From 5 prime to 3 prime end.
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| What are Kazaki dna? | 1)pieces or fragment dna that are made in lagging strand of dna that has to be fused together by dna ligase in order to make a dna.
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| Where does Rna polymerase make rna? | 1) at 5 prime end to 3 prime end.
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| Define rRNA, tRNA and mRNA. | 1)rRNA: makes up ribosome
2)tRNA: long strand of RNA
3)mRNA: carries info from DNA.
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| What is a codon? | 1) sequence of 3 bases that code for something.
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| How many words are possible from DNA and proteins? | 1)64 words from dna.
2)20 AA= Unlimited words from proteins.
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| Where is Codon found? | 1) each codon codes for a specific AA
2)some codon can code for the same AA.
3)FOUND in mRNA.
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| where is Anticodon found? | 1)tRNA
2)ie: AUG = UAC
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| How many ATP is made by SLP? | 1) ATP. 2 from glycolysis and 2 from Krebs.
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| How many ATP is made from 0xidative phosphorylation? | 1)34. 6 from G and 30 from OP.(8 NADH=24 ATP)(2 FADH2=4 ATP.)
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