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Microbiology exam #1
chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 25
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who developed Nomenclature for Microbiology? | Carolus Linnaeus. |
| Microorganism (definition) | Organism, so small that it is UNABLE to see with the naked eye. |
| Pathogen (definition) | Microorganism that causes diseases. |
| Who defined Archae? and by doing so, created three different domains, Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. | Carl Woese. |
| Prokaroytes; (Archaea and bacteria) | Eukaryotes; (everythng else). |
| Bacteria: | 1)Prokaryote. 2)Undergoes binary fission. 3.Unicellular (One cell) |
| What is peptidoglycan? | 1)Polymer of sugar found outside the plasma membrane of bacteria, forming the cell wall. |
| What is peptidoglycans function? | 1)Forms the cell wall structure of bacteria. 2)Prevents osmotic lysis. 3.Involved in binary fission. |
| Archaea: | 1)NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN. 2)Can have cell wall but without peptidoglycan. 3. Extremophiles: found in extreme conditions.(Volcanos, cold places) 4.Similar to bacteria,(Unicellular) 5.Prokaryote |
| Eukarya: | 1)Unicellular/Multicellular. 2)Eukaryotes. 3.NO Peptidoglycan |
| Nomenclature: (definition) | 1)Carl linnaeus. 2) Binomial (2 names)(ie: Escherichia coli). 3.System of naming things. |
| What did Carl Linnaeus do? | 1)first started naming organisms into Kingdoms, order,class, family, genus,species. 2. Invented Binomial nomenclature. |
| Protozoa: | 1)Unicellular. 2)Eukaryotes. 3.Pseudopodal movement: can move(False feet) 4.Parasites: (found in soil) |
| Fungi: | 1.Unicellular/Multicellular. 2.Chitin: Armor or cell wall (made up of carbs). 3)Mold:Usually grows in lungs. 4)Yeast: usually grows in skin. 5)Some can switch between mold and yeast. |
| Algae: | 1)Multicellular (some unicell). 2)photosynthetic; O2 Production. 3)Cellulose: provide most O2 we (humans)have. |
| Helminths/Multicellular parasitic worms. | 1)Multicellular. 2)Some visible. 3)3 Categories: Round, Flat and Tapeworms. |
| Viruses: | 1)Acellular (no cells). 2)Not alive (No ribosomes). 3)Use hosts(no ribosome, must have host to replicate). 4)Simple structure.(dna or rna and capsid). |
| Who is the father of the 'microscope'? | 1)Robert hook. |
| What did Robert hooke do? | 1)First microscope. 2)Cell theory: Everything is made up of cells. |
| Who first identified microorganisms? | Leeuwenhoek: father of microbiology. |
| What is spontaneous generation? | 1) idea that living things come from nonliving things 2) ie: maggots coming from meat. |
| Who came up with the idea, spontaneous generation? | Leeuwenhoek. |
| Who made the first vaccine? | Edward Jenner. |
| Who invented the 'smallpox' vaccine? | Edward Jenner. |
| What did Edward Jenner do? | 1)First vaccine 2)invented small pox vaccine |
| What is the biogenesis theory? | Living things can only be produced by living things. |
| Who originally came up with the biogenesis theory? | Virchow. |
| Who developed aseptic techniques? (medical instrument cleaning) | Louis pasteur |
| Who invented pasteurization? | Louis Pasteur. |
| What did Louis Pasteur do? | 1) aseptic techniques. 2)Pasteurization. 3)Rabies vaccine. |
| Who invented the Rabies vaccine? | Pasteur |
| Germ theory? | That microorganisms are the causes of many diseases. |
| Etiology: definition. | cause of disease. |
| Who developed the 'germ theory'? | Robert koch. |
| Who started 'immunology'? | Paul Ehrlich. |
| Who originally treated 'syphilis'? | Paul Ehrlich. |
| What is salvarsan? | Arsenic drug originally used by Erhlich to treat syphilis. |
| Who invented 'penicillin'? | Alexander FLEMING. |
| Who started the antibiotics? | Fleming. |
| What did Paul Ehrlich do? | 1)Immunology 2)treated syphilis with salvarsan. |
| What did Fleming do? | 1)started antibiotics and 2)Invented Penicillin. |
| What are some benefits of microbes? | 1)recycling 2)sewage 3)body metabolism 4)Food industry (cheese,wine,yeast) 5)Pharmaceuticals |
| What are detremental activities of microbes? | 1)Disease 2)Food spoilage. |
| Prokaryotes: 1)No nucleus. 2)bacteria has peptidoglycan. 3)no mitochondria. 4)prokaryotes makes energy more efficient. 5)No golgi or ER. 6)70S ribosomes (smaller). 7) Bacteria has 1 chromosome, circular and is bound to cell membrane. | Eukaryotes: 1)true nucleus. 2)multiple linear chromosome. 3)cell division by mitosis. 4)bigger ribosome 80S. 5)No peptidoglycan. |
| How do prokaryotes do cell division? | Binary fission. |
| Do prokaryotes have a nucleus? | A nucleus space is present but there is NO nuclei. |
| How many Ribosomes do prokaryotes have? | 70S |
| Who has bigger ribosomes, pro or eukaryotes? | Eukaryotes have 80S, Pro has 70S. Eukaryotes has bigger. |
| Where does energy production occur in Prokaryotes? | Cell membrane. |
| Bacteria: morphology. size = 1000 micrometers | Shapes: 1)Circle, coccus (diplo). 2) Rod/line bacillus, Strep. 3) Rod(1 turn) spiral. |
| What is group translocation? | Using it as soon as it comes in the cell, a reaction occurs that requires energy. |
| What are plasmids? | 1)Located in the DNA area, responsible for resistance to antibiotic. 2)Circular piece of dna that contains specific genes on them, can go form one organisms to another. |
| Prokaryote Ribosome? | 70S. 2 subunits, 30S and 50S. |
| Virulence? | Degree of pathogenicity. |
| Endospores: | 1)Gram positive 2)dehydrated 3)thick wall. |
| What is the function of the cell wall? | 1)Shape 2)Protection 3)Virulence |
| Cell wall structure: | 1)peptidoglycan(2 saccharides) 2)NAG +NAM (crosslinks): makes the wall stronger. |
| Gram stain: What color is positive and negative? | 1)Gram positive: purple or blue. 2)gram negative: pink or red. |
| What is unique with gram positive cells? | 1)The walls are made up primarly of peptidoglycan. 2)Techoic acids help bind it together. |
| Gram negative cell wall: | 1)little peptidoglycan. 2)outer membrane. 3)porin: a protein that acts as a pore. 4)LPS:molecule made up of carbs/fats 5)Lipoprotein, connects and holds outter membrane to peptidoglycan. |
| Describe outside the cell wall: | 1)Glycocalyx is the outtermost on outside cell wall. 2)sticky polymer helps bacteria attach. 2) |
| what happens if the glycocalyx is not well oragnized? | 1)if WELL organized it will be a capsule, providing protection. 2)if NOT WELL org it will be a slime layer, that will provide attachment but little protection. |
| What does flagella do? | Helps some bacteria move, propel. |
| Axial filaments? | 1)spirochetes: moves like a snake. |
| what is fimbriae? | 1)hairlike 3)surface area. 2)Easier to spread. |
| What is Pilli? sex pilli. | 1)conjugation, transfer of gentic material from donor to recepient cell through a pilli via plasmid. |
| Catabolism | 1_degradative 2)exergonic 3)hydrolytic |
| anabolism: | 1)biosynthetic 2)endergonic 3)dehydration |
| ATP, function? | 1)way of storing energy 2)ADP+P+Energy |
| What is the purpose of breaking bonds? | To make energy. |
| Substrate: | 1)What enzymes acts upon. 2)Specific substrate for each specific enzyme |
| Apoenzyme: | 1)Protein portion. 2)Inactive enzyme. |
| Holoenzyme: | 1)Active enzyme with cofactor. |
| What is a organic cofactor called? | Conenzyme |
| What does a cofactor do? | Changes the shape of the apoenzyme so that the substrate can fit thus making a apoenzyme active. |
| What are Electron carriers? | 1)NADH and FADH2 2)Molecules that carries electrons. |
| What kind of temperature do enzymes works best in? | Higher temp |
| What is denaturing? | When a protein shape gets changed due to high temps thus making it useless. |
| What is competitive inhibitors? (blockage) | Looks like the actual enzyme and makes the substrate bind to it, thus preventing the sub from binding to the real enzyme. |
| Noncompetitive inhibitors? (active site alteration) | Allostric site. Binds to enzyme and changes the shape. |
| What is oxidation? | when you lose a electron. |
| What is reduction? | You gain a electron. |
| What is the difference between respiration and fermentation? | 1)The FEA for resp is inorganic (O2) 2)The FEA for Ferm is organic (carbon). |
| What happens if the FEA is organic? | 1) There will be no ETC. |
| What is the final electron acceptor? (FEA) | 1)the last compound that gets oxidized and reduced. (gains E-) |
| NADH + FADH2 | 1) electron carriers that take electrons to the ETC to make atp. |
| Glycolysis: | 1)When glucose is broken down to make 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. |
| Where is the ETC located? | 1)Inner membrane of mitochondria. |
| What is the purpose of moving Electron down the FEA? | 1)To make energy to pump hydrogen outside. 2)When H+ moves outside, it moves the ATP pump, creating energy to make ATP. |
| Where does glycolysis occur? | 1)Cytoplasm for both EU/PRO. |
| Where does Krebs cycle occur? | 1)Cytoplasm:Pro 2)Mitochondria: EUK |
| ETC occurs where? | 1)PRO: cell membrane 2)EUK: Inner membrane of mitochondria. |
| What is DNA? | sequence of bases. |
| What are genes? | 1)Piece segment of DNA or RNA and code for a specific product. |
| What are chromosomes? | 1)A bunch of genes together with protein that produces it. |
| what are genomes? | 1)The whole genetic material that makes up a organism. (chromosome+genes) |
| DNA: Describe. | 1)Double-stranded 2)Phosphate groups, deoxyribose, and bases (nitrogenous). |
| What is base pairing? | Some base only pair with each other bcuz of their shapes. |
| Complementary strands: | 1)Specific base pairing: A=T, G=C. 2)Exactly the same if read in the opposie directions. |
| What are phenotype and genotype? | 1)Phenotype are the physical characteristic 2)genotype is a symbol.it is what genes you have. |
| Bacteria has semi-conservative replication, what is that? | 1)makes a parent strand plus a new strand. |
| what direction is dna replication? | 3’End OH- at 3rdC 5’End PO4- at 5thC |
| What are the steps in replication? | 1)unwinding 2)leading strand:(make continuosly) 3)lagging strand: (make in fragments) 4)ligation: two dna strand are the same just in opposite direction. |
| what is dna helicase? | 1)Keeps the DNA open. |
| what is Dna gyrase? | 1)Unwinds/opens the DNA. |
| Dna polymerase adds bases where? | 1)At the 3 prime end. |
| Which end does Dna polymerase synthesize? | 1)From 5 prime to 3 prime end. |
| What are Kazaki dna? | 1)pieces or fragment dna that are made in lagging strand of dna that has to be fused together by dna ligase in order to make a dna. |
| Where does Rna polymerase make rna? | 1) at 5 prime end to 3 prime end. |
| Define rRNA, tRNA and mRNA. | 1)rRNA: makes up ribosome 2)tRNA: long strand of RNA 3)mRNA: carries info from DNA. |
| What is a codon? | 1) sequence of 3 bases that code for something. |
| How many words are possible from DNA and proteins? | 1)64 words from dna. 2)20 AA= Unlimited words from proteins. |
| Where is Codon found? | 1) each codon codes for a specific AA 2)some codon can code for the same AA. 3)FOUND in mRNA. |
| where is Anticodon found? | 1)tRNA 2)ie: AUG = UAC |
| How many ATP is made by SLP? | 1) ATP. 2 from glycolysis and 2 from Krebs. |
| How many ATP is made from 0xidative phosphorylation? | 1)34. 6 from G and 30 from OP.(8 NADH=24 ATP)(2 FADH2=4 ATP.) |
Created by:
guialanlin88
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