Regents Biology Final Exam Review for Genetics
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| How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46
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| How man homologous pairs do humans have? | 23
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| Define Homologous. | Corresponding; having the same alleles or genes in the same order of arrangement.
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| What do chromosome pairs carry? | Genes of the same traits.
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| How many copies of genes for most organisms have? | Two. Once from each parents, one on each member of the homologous pair.
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| What are the female human sex chromosomes? | XX (letters always capital)
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| What are the male human sex chromosomes? | XY (letters always capital)
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| The Y chromo some is much _____ than the X, so it is missing many genes. | Smaller. This means many genes on the X chromosome do not have a "partner."
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| How many genes does each chromosome have? | Hundreds or thousands.
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| What does each gene code for? | A particular protein.
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| What are genes made of? | No, not denim! They're made from nucleic acids.
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| Can the environment affect genes? | Yes. While genes determine our traits, the environment can affect the expression of genes.
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| What chemical makes up your genes and chromosomes? | DNA.
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| What is a way to describe DNA? | If your genes and chromosomes are the "instruction manual" for your body, DNA would be the paper it is printed on.
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| What is one other way to describe DNA? | All the DNA in the nucleus of one of your cells - all 46 chromosomes together- make a book. Each individual chromosome is a chapter and each gene is a paragraph.
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| What is the shape of a DNA molecule? | A double-helix. Which resembles as twisted ladder.
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| What does the shape of DNA allow it to do? | To replicate, or copy, itself almost exactly.
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| What are the four bases of DNA? | A, T, C, and G.
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| What bases of DNA pair up? | A & T and C & G.
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| What are the four bases of RNA? | A, U, C, and G.
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| What does A:T stand for? | Adenine Thymine.
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| What does G:C stand for? | Guanine Cytosine.
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| Protein, Methionine, and Aspartic Acid are all examples of what? | Amino acids.
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| How do your genes control your body? | Through Protein Synthesis.
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| What is a codon? | A sequence of 3 DNA bases.
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| What does each codon represent? | A specific Amino Acid.
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| Where does the DNA remain? | Protected in the nucleus.
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| Where are proteins built? | In the Cytoplasm.
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| What builds proteins? | Ribosomes.
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| What carries a copy of the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes? | mRNA (messenger)
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| As the ribosome reads the genetic code of the mRNA, what brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome? Which then bonds the amino acids together. | tRNA (transfer)
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| How do ribosomes assemble the amino acids? | In the same order they are listed in the DNA codons.
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| The amino acids are bonded together to make a what? | A Protein Chain.
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| The order of amino acids determines what? | The Shape of the protein.
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| The shape of a protein determines what? | The Function.
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| The sequence of DNA will determine the what of all the proteins in the body? | The Function.
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| What do proteins coded by DNA do? | Build and run the body.
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| The order of DNA _____ in your genes determines the order of _____ _____ in your proteins, which determines the protein's ______ and ______. | Nucleotides, Amino Acids, Function, and Shape.
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| What does your body functions depend on? | The order of the bases in your genes.
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| Define Mutations. | Changes in genetic characteristics.
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| Mutations can only be passed if what? | If they occur in reproductive cells (sperm or egg).
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| Gene mutations may cause what? | A change in a gene which can change the shape of the protein produced from that gene. This will have an effect on the way the protein works (if it still works at all).
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| When are gene mutations caused? | When DNa bases are in some way changed.
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| Define Mutagenic Agent. | Any chemical substance or physical agent that is capable of enhancing the frequency of detectable mutants with in a population of organisms' cells.
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| What is a common mutagenic agent? | x-rays.
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| When do chromosome mutations usually occur? | When a person inherits too many or too few chromosomes.
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| When chromosome mutations occur, how many genes do they affect? | They affect many genes at once. Most are lethal.
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| What is Down's Syndrome? | Non-lethal mutation, caused by inheritance of an extra copy of chromosome 21.
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| Define Selective Breeding. | The international mating of two animals in an attempts to produce offspring with desirable characteristics or for the elimination of a trait.
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| What is an example of selective breeding? | Breeding plants (food crops, like corn, wheat) and animals (livestock, like cows) for agriculture or breeding animals such as pets (like dogs, cats, birds).
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| Define Genetic Engineering. | The deliberate modification of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
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| What are used to cut and paste the DNA segments? | Ribosomes.
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| What kind of cells are often used because they are simple and reproduce quickly? | Bacterial.
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| Name two important examples of gene engineering. | Bacteria have been engineered to make insulin for diabetics; Bacteria have been engineered to make humulin hormone.
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| Why are insulin and humulin safe? | They are identical to normal human hormones.
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| Name some new technologies that are making it easier to diagnose and treat genetic disease? | Karyotyping, DNA fingerprinting.
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| What is karotyping? | A photograph of an organism's chromosomes. Can determine if a person has a chromosome disorder.
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| What is another name for DNA fingerprinting and what is it? | Gel electrophoresis; creates banded patterns based on a person's DNA base sequence.
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| What are ethics? | Moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior.
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