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Bio-Genetics Rvw
Regents Biology Final Exam Review for Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46 |
| How man homologous pairs do humans have? | 23 |
| Define Homologous. | Corresponding; having the same alleles or genes in the same order of arrangement. |
| What do chromosome pairs carry? | Genes of the same traits. |
| How many copies of genes for most organisms have? | Two. Once from each parents, one on each member of the homologous pair. |
| What are the female human sex chromosomes? | XX (letters always capital) |
| What are the male human sex chromosomes? | XY (letters always capital) |
| The Y chromo some is much _____ than the X, so it is missing many genes. | Smaller. This means many genes on the X chromosome do not have a "partner." |
| How many genes does each chromosome have? | Hundreds or thousands. |
| What does each gene code for? | A particular protein. |
| What are genes made of? | No, not denim! They're made from nucleic acids. |
| Can the environment affect genes? | Yes. While genes determine our traits, the environment can affect the expression of genes. |
| What chemical makes up your genes and chromosomes? | DNA. |
| What is a way to describe DNA? | If your genes and chromosomes are the "instruction manual" for your body, DNA would be the paper it is printed on. |
| What is one other way to describe DNA? | All the DNA in the nucleus of one of your cells - all 46 chromosomes together- make a book. Each individual chromosome is a chapter and each gene is a paragraph. |
| What is the shape of a DNA molecule? | A double-helix. Which resembles as twisted ladder. |
| What does the shape of DNA allow it to do? | To replicate, or copy, itself almost exactly. |
| What are the four bases of DNA? | A, T, C, and G. |
| What bases of DNA pair up? | A & T and C & G. |
| What are the four bases of RNA? | A, U, C, and G. |
| What does A:T stand for? | Adenine Thymine. |
| What does G:C stand for? | Guanine Cytosine. |
| Protein, Methionine, and Aspartic Acid are all examples of what? | Amino acids. |
| How do your genes control your body? | Through Protein Synthesis. |
| What is a codon? | A sequence of 3 DNA bases. |
| What does each codon represent? | A specific Amino Acid. |
| Where does the DNA remain? | Protected in the nucleus. |
| Where are proteins built? | In the Cytoplasm. |
| What builds proteins? | Ribosomes. |
| What carries a copy of the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes? | mRNA (messenger) |
| As the ribosome reads the genetic code of the mRNA, what brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome? Which then bonds the amino acids together. | tRNA (transfer) |
| How do ribosomes assemble the amino acids? | In the same order they are listed in the DNA codons. |
| The amino acids are bonded together to make a what? | A Protein Chain. |
| The order of amino acids determines what? | The Shape of the protein. |
| The shape of a protein determines what? | The Function. |
| The sequence of DNA will determine the what of all the proteins in the body? | The Function. |
| What do proteins coded by DNA do? | Build and run the body. |
| The order of DNA _____ in your genes determines the order of _____ _____ in your proteins, which determines the protein's ______ and ______. | Nucleotides, Amino Acids, Function, and Shape. |
| What does your body functions depend on? | The order of the bases in your genes. |
| Define Mutations. | Changes in genetic characteristics. |
| Mutations can only be passed if what? | If they occur in reproductive cells (sperm or egg). |
| Gene mutations may cause what? | A change in a gene which can change the shape of the protein produced from that gene. This will have an effect on the way the protein works (if it still works at all). |
| When are gene mutations caused? | When DNa bases are in some way changed. |
| Define Mutagenic Agent. | Any chemical substance or physical agent that is capable of enhancing the frequency of detectable mutants with in a population of organisms' cells. |
| What is a common mutagenic agent? | x-rays. |
| When do chromosome mutations usually occur? | When a person inherits too many or too few chromosomes. |
| When chromosome mutations occur, how many genes do they affect? | They affect many genes at once. Most are lethal. |
| What is Down's Syndrome? | Non-lethal mutation, caused by inheritance of an extra copy of chromosome 21. |
| Define Selective Breeding. | The international mating of two animals in an attempts to produce offspring with desirable characteristics or for the elimination of a trait. |
| What is an example of selective breeding? | Breeding plants (food crops, like corn, wheat) and animals (livestock, like cows) for agriculture or breeding animals such as pets (like dogs, cats, birds). |
| Define Genetic Engineering. | The deliberate modification of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. |
| What are used to cut and paste the DNA segments? | Ribosomes. |
| What kind of cells are often used because they are simple and reproduce quickly? | Bacterial. |
| Name two important examples of gene engineering. | Bacteria have been engineered to make insulin for diabetics; Bacteria have been engineered to make humulin hormone. |
| Why are insulin and humulin safe? | They are identical to normal human hormones. |
| Name some new technologies that are making it easier to diagnose and treat genetic disease? | Karyotyping, DNA fingerprinting. |
| What is karotyping? | A photograph of an organism's chromosomes. Can determine if a person has a chromosome disorder. |
| What is another name for DNA fingerprinting and what is it? | Gel electrophoresis; creates banded patterns based on a person's DNA base sequence. |
| What are ethics? | Moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior. |
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megoodwin96
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