Hemodynamics, Pacemakers
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| Amount of blood leaving the ventricle with each contraction | Stove Volume
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| What is the normal stroke volume | 60 to 100 ml/beat
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| The amount of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute | CO=HR X SV
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| Low CO | bradycardia, hypotension, MI, dysrhytmias, electrolyte imbalances, fluid overload
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| High CO | tachycardia, hyperthyroidism, exercise, stress
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| Normal CO | 4 to 8L
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| Cardiac Index | CI= CO/BSA
Normal is 2.4 to 4 L
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| Ejection Fraction | The percentage of blood ejected with each heart beat
Normal is 65%
Less than 35% serious ventricular failure
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| Contractility | Force generated by the myocardium
Normal is 10 to 12
greater than 12 HF
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| Positive inotropes | Increase contractility
catecholamines, SNS, Dopamine, Dobutamine, Epinephrine, Norephinephrine
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| Negative inotropes | Acidosis, hypoxemia, alcohol, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, barbituates
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| CVP | Reflects pressure in the vena cava and right atrium
Normal is 2 to 8 mmHg
Direct measure
Preload
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| Low CVP | hypovolemia, sepsis, diuresis, hemorrhage
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| High CVP | cardiac tampanode, pulmonary HTN, renal failure, hypervolemia, fluid resuscitation
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| LVEDP | Preload
Volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole
Normal 6 to 12
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| High LVEDP | IV failure, myocardial ischemia, constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tampanode, MV disease, fluid volume overload
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| Low LVEDP | Fluid volume deficit, shock states, vasodilating medications
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| SVR | (MAP-CVP)X80/CO
Normal is 800 to 1200
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| High SVR | constriction, hypovolemia, valve disorders, hypothermia, decreased contractility
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| Low SVR | hyperthermia, vasodilation, drug therapy
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| The distal port wave form in the pulmonary artery looks like what other waveform? | Arterial wave form with a dicrotic notch
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| What does a dicrotic notch indicate | End of systole and beginning of diastole
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