urinalysis notes
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| What do kidneys do? | extract and remove metabolic wast from the blood
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| Microscopic unit of the kidney is.... | nephron
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| Outer layer ok kidney | cortex
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| Inner layer of kidney | medulla
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| Cortex contains.... | Gomerulus Bowman's Capsule PCT DCT
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| Medulla contains.... | Loop of Henle and most of collection tubules
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| Ureters are capable of.... | Peristalsis
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| Urinary bladder... | is a reservoir that contains the urine
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| Name 3 phases involved in urine production. | Filteration Reabsorption Secretion
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| List the flow of urine from kiidney to out the body. | Afferent Arteriole Glomerulus Bowman's Capsule PCT Loop of Henle DCT Large Collecting Duct Renal Pelvis Ureter Excretion
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| A complete urinalysis evaluates.... 2 things | Physical and Chemical Properties
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| List 4 methods of urine collection. | Free Catch Manual Expression Catheterization Cystocentesis
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| Free Catch.... | Easiest method
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| What kind of sample is the best when using a free catch or manual expression?? | Midstream
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| How is a manual expression performed? | animal in lateral recumbency or standing. Palpate the bladder Apply gentle steady pressure.
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| True or False. Use manual expression on obstructed urethras. | False
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| What are 2 types of catheters used?? | Polypropalene Red Rubber
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| Redirect the needle in the bladder during a cystocentesis is a good idea?? | NO
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| Where is the needle entered in the body of a male dog during a cystocentesis? | caudal to the umbilicus and to the side of the sheath of the penis
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| Where is the needle entered in the body of a female dog and cats during a cystoentesis?? | ventral midline caudal to the umbilicus. or aim between the last 2 sets of nipples make and X and aim in the middle
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| Cystocentesis is the best method for what test?? | Urine Culture Sensitivity
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| What type of tube do you send urine in for a culture or sensitivity?? | Red Top Tube
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| Final report should included what?? | Patient information collection technique used date and time collected method of perservation complete urinalysis results
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| Urinalysis should be performed within.... | 30 minutes to an hour of collection
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| Can it be refigerated?? for how long if you can?? | Yes for 6-12 hours
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| True or False. Always warm refgerated sample to room temperature. | True.
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| What is the impact on the urine sample if it is refigerated? | crystals may form and alter specific gravity
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| What is the impact on urine at room temperature>> | cells deteriate rapidly RBC and casts will disintergrate Bacteria will mulitply.
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| Chemical changes at room temperature include... | decrease glucose concentration decrease billiruben concentration
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| What are the physical properties of urine? | Volume Smell Color Transparency
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| Polyuria | increased urine output
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| Oliguria | decreased urine output
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| Anuria | absence of urine
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| Pollakuria | frequent urination
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| Name factors that affect volume of urine. | fluid intake external losses enviromental temperature and humidity amount and type of food level of physical activity size of the animal species
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| dog normal urine output | 20-40 ml/kg/day
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| Cat normal urine output | 20-40 ml/kg/day
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| cattle normal urine output | 17-45 ml/kg/day
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| Horses normal urine output | 3-18 ml/kg/day
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| Sheep and goats normal urine output | 10-40 ml/kg/day
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| normal urine color | yellow to amber
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| concentrated urine | darker
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| dilute urine | lighter
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| colorless | polyuria or low specific gravity
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| dark yellow to yellow brown | oliguria or high specific gravity
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| yellow brown or green with foam when shaken | bile pigments are present
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| red or red brown | presence of RBC or hematuria
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| brown | myoglobin
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| normal specific gravity for a dog | 1.025
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| Normal specific gravity for a cat | 1.030
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| Normal specific gravity for a horse | 1.035
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| Normal specific gravity for cattle and swine | 1.015
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| Normal specific gravity for sheep | 1.30
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| herbivores have more | alkaline urine
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| Carnivores have more | acidic urine
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| Omnivores have | either acidic alkalinic urine
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| Average normal pH in dog | 6-7
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| average normal pH in cat | 6-7
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| average normal pH in horse | 7-8.5
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| average normal pH in cattle | 7-8.5
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| average normal pH in sheep | 6-8.5
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| Is bilirubin normal?? | Yes for dogs and cattle but not for sheep pigs cats and horses
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| Hematuria | RBC in urine
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| Hemoglobinuria | free hemoglobin in urine
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| Myoglobinuria | presence of myoglobin in the urine
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| piuria | pus in urine or excessive WBCs in urine
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| name 3 types of epithelial cells | transitional squamous renal
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| What do squamous epithelial cells look like? | flat thin cells with a homogeneous apperance straight edges with distinct corners the curl or fold
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| largest cells in urine sediment | squamous epithelial cells
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| What do transitional epithelial cells like? | round appear pear shaped or caudate are granular small nucleus larger than WBCs
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| What do renal epithelial cells look like? | usually round nucleus nongranular or finely granular cytoplasma
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| smallest epithelial cell | renal epithelial cells
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| Name the 3 classes of casts | hyaline epithelial cellular granular waxy fatty
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| Hyaline casts | clear colorless cylindrical with parallel sides and usually rounded ends
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| Granular casts | most common type of cast
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| Leukocyte cast | mainly Neutrophils
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| Erythrocyte cast | deep yellowto orange
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| Waxy cast | hyaline cast but wider and square ends gray or colorless
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| fatty cast | common seen in cats
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| Struvite crystals | coffin lids alkaline urine common in dogs and some cats
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| Amorphous Phosphate crystals | alkaline urine often confused with bacteria
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| Amorphous Urate crystals | acidic urine often confused with bacteria
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| Calcium Carbonate Crystals | common in horses and rabbits round with many lines rotating alkaline or neutral from the center also have dumbbell look
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| Ammonium biurate Crystals | acidic alkaline or neutral brown thor apple
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| calcium oxalate dihydrate | X small number seen in dogs and cats
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| Calcium oxalate monohydrate | picket fence antifreeze toxicity
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| Sulfonamide Crystals | round dark less in alkaline
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| Uric Acid crystals | acidic diamond rhomboid yellow yellow/ brown seen in dalmations
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| Leucine Crystals | acidic urine small pincushion yellow or brown liver Dz
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| Tyrosine crystals | acidic dark with needlelike projections liver Dz
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| cystine crystals | acidic flat 6 sides colorless thin renal tubular dysfunction or cystine urolithiasis
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| Biliruin Crystals | acidic rhomboid plates needles granules yellow ruby red dark brown liver dz
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| Cholesterol Crystals | large flat notched
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| Bacteria | cocci or bacilli quivering
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| cocci | round
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| bacilli | rod
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| Yesast | often confused with RBCs or fat droplets rare
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| Capillaria plica | bladderworm of dogs and cats
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| Dioctophyma renale | kidney worm of dogs
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| Dirofilaria immitis | dogs with adult heartworms and circulating microfilaria
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| Mucus Threads | often confused with casts resemble a twisted ribbon
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| Sperm | seen from intact male or recently bred females can produce a false positive for protein
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| Fat | seen to some degree in cats lightly green tinge spherical
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| lipuria | fat in urine
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| with Sudan III stain fat droplets appear | orange or red
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| Urolith | bladder stone or urinary calculi
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| Urolithiasis | occurrence of bladder stones or urinary calculi
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