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Urinalysis (VetTech)
urinalysis notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do kidneys do? | extract and remove metabolic wast from the blood |
| Microscopic unit of the kidney is.... | nephron |
| Outer layer ok kidney | cortex |
| Inner layer of kidney | medulla |
| Cortex contains.... | Gomerulus Bowman's Capsule PCT DCT |
| Medulla contains.... | Loop of Henle and most of collection tubules |
| Ureters are capable of.... | Peristalsis |
| Urinary bladder... | is a reservoir that contains the urine |
| Name 3 phases involved in urine production. | Filteration Reabsorption Secretion |
| List the flow of urine from kiidney to out the body. | Afferent Arteriole Glomerulus Bowman's Capsule PCT Loop of Henle DCT Large Collecting Duct Renal Pelvis Ureter Excretion |
| A complete urinalysis evaluates.... 2 things | Physical and Chemical Properties |
| List 4 methods of urine collection. | Free Catch Manual Expression Catheterization Cystocentesis |
| Free Catch.... | Easiest method |
| What kind of sample is the best when using a free catch or manual expression?? | Midstream |
| How is a manual expression performed? | animal in lateral recumbency or standing. Palpate the bladder Apply gentle steady pressure. |
| True or False. Use manual expression on obstructed urethras. | False |
| What are 2 types of catheters used?? | Polypropalene Red Rubber |
| Redirect the needle in the bladder during a cystocentesis is a good idea?? | NO |
| Where is the needle entered in the body of a male dog during a cystocentesis? | caudal to the umbilicus and to the side of the sheath of the penis |
| Where is the needle entered in the body of a female dog and cats during a cystoentesis?? | ventral midline caudal to the umbilicus. or aim between the last 2 sets of nipples make and X and aim in the middle |
| Cystocentesis is the best method for what test?? | Urine Culture Sensitivity |
| What type of tube do you send urine in for a culture or sensitivity?? | Red Top Tube |
| Final report should included what?? | Patient information collection technique used date and time collected method of perservation complete urinalysis results |
| Urinalysis should be performed within.... | 30 minutes to an hour of collection |
| Can it be refigerated?? for how long if you can?? | Yes for 6-12 hours |
| True or False. Always warm refgerated sample to room temperature. | True. |
| What is the impact on the urine sample if it is refigerated? | crystals may form and alter specific gravity |
| What is the impact on urine at room temperature>> | cells deteriate rapidly RBC and casts will disintergrate Bacteria will mulitply. |
| Chemical changes at room temperature include... | decrease glucose concentration decrease billiruben concentration |
| What are the physical properties of urine? | Volume Smell Color Transparency |
| Polyuria | increased urine output |
| Oliguria | decreased urine output |
| Anuria | absence of urine |
| Pollakuria | frequent urination |
| Name factors that affect volume of urine. | fluid intake external losses enviromental temperature and humidity amount and type of food level of physical activity size of the animal species |
| dog normal urine output | 20-40 ml/kg/day |
| Cat normal urine output | 20-40 ml/kg/day |
| cattle normal urine output | 17-45 ml/kg/day |
| Horses normal urine output | 3-18 ml/kg/day |
| Sheep and goats normal urine output | 10-40 ml/kg/day |
| normal urine color | yellow to amber |
| concentrated urine | darker |
| dilute urine | lighter |
| colorless | polyuria or low specific gravity |
| dark yellow to yellow brown | oliguria or high specific gravity |
| yellow brown or green with foam when shaken | bile pigments are present |
| red or red brown | presence of RBC or hematuria |
| brown | myoglobin |
| normal specific gravity for a dog | 1.025 |
| Normal specific gravity for a cat | 1.030 |
| Normal specific gravity for a horse | 1.035 |
| Normal specific gravity for cattle and swine | 1.015 |
| Normal specific gravity for sheep | 1.30 |
| herbivores have more | alkaline urine |
| Carnivores have more | acidic urine |
| Omnivores have | either acidic alkalinic urine |
| Average normal pH in dog | 6-7 |
| average normal pH in cat | 6-7 |
| average normal pH in horse | 7-8.5 |
| average normal pH in cattle | 7-8.5 |
| average normal pH in sheep | 6-8.5 |
| Is bilirubin normal?? | Yes for dogs and cattle but not for sheep pigs cats and horses |
| Hematuria | RBC in urine |
| Hemoglobinuria | free hemoglobin in urine |
| Myoglobinuria | presence of myoglobin in the urine |
| piuria | pus in urine or excessive WBCs in urine |
| name 3 types of epithelial cells | transitional squamous renal |
| What do squamous epithelial cells look like? | flat thin cells with a homogeneous apperance straight edges with distinct corners the curl or fold |
| largest cells in urine sediment | squamous epithelial cells |
| What do transitional epithelial cells like? | round appear pear shaped or caudate are granular small nucleus larger than WBCs |
| What do renal epithelial cells look like? | usually round nucleus nongranular or finely granular cytoplasma |
| smallest epithelial cell | renal epithelial cells |
| Name the 3 classes of casts | hyaline epithelial cellular granular waxy fatty |
| Hyaline casts | clear colorless cylindrical with parallel sides and usually rounded ends |
| Granular casts | most common type of cast |
| Leukocyte cast | mainly Neutrophils |
| Erythrocyte cast | deep yellowto orange |
| Waxy cast | hyaline cast but wider and square ends gray or colorless |
| fatty cast | common seen in cats |
| Struvite crystals | coffin lids alkaline urine common in dogs and some cats |
| Amorphous Phosphate crystals | alkaline urine often confused with bacteria |
| Amorphous Urate crystals | acidic urine often confused with bacteria |
| Calcium Carbonate Crystals | common in horses and rabbits round with many lines rotating alkaline or neutral from the center also have dumbbell look |
| Ammonium biurate Crystals | acidic alkaline or neutral brown thor apple |
| calcium oxalate dihydrate | X small number seen in dogs and cats |
| Calcium oxalate monohydrate | picket fence antifreeze toxicity |
| Sulfonamide Crystals | round dark less in alkaline |
| Uric Acid crystals | acidic diamond rhomboid yellow yellow/ brown seen in dalmations |
| Leucine Crystals | acidic urine small pincushion yellow or brown liver Dz |
| Tyrosine crystals | acidic dark with needlelike projections liver Dz |
| cystine crystals | acidic flat 6 sides colorless thin renal tubular dysfunction or cystine urolithiasis |
| Biliruin Crystals | acidic rhomboid plates needles granules yellow ruby red dark brown liver dz |
| Cholesterol Crystals | large flat notched |
| Bacteria | cocci or bacilli quivering |
| cocci | round |
| bacilli | rod |
| Yesast | often confused with RBCs or fat droplets rare |
| Capillaria plica | bladderworm of dogs and cats |
| Dioctophyma renale | kidney worm of dogs |
| Dirofilaria immitis | dogs with adult heartworms and circulating microfilaria |
| Mucus Threads | often confused with casts resemble a twisted ribbon |
| Sperm | seen from intact male or recently bred females can produce a false positive for protein |
| Fat | seen to some degree in cats lightly green tinge spherical |
| lipuria | fat in urine |
| with Sudan III stain fat droplets appear | orange or red |
| Urolith | bladder stone or urinary calculi |
| Urolithiasis | occurrence of bladder stones or urinary calculi |
Created by:
SR17
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