water balance
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| Body water compartments | Dynamic systems within the body Intracellular or extracellular
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| Particles in the water solution | Determine all internal shifts and balances between compartments
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| Body’s state of dynamic balance | Capacity of the body to maintain life systems despite what enters the system from outside; Homeostatic mechanisms protect the body’s water supply
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| Solvent | Basic liquid solvent for all chemical processes within the body
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| Transport | Nutrients carried through the body in water-based fluids (e.g., blood, secretions, synovial joint fluid, vaginal fluid)
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| Thermoregulation | sweating – keeps us cool Maintains stable body temperature
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| Body lubricant | vag secretions, synovial fluid
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| Surrounding environment | Body water is lost as sweat and must be replaced – vomiting, watery diarrhea; more active or sicker we sweat
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| Functional losses | Disease process affects water requirements
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| water requirements - Metabolic needs | 1000 ml of water necessary for every 1000 kcal in the diet
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| water requirements by Age | Infants need 700 to 800 ml of water per day Adult men need 2900 ml of liquids per day – approx 12 cups Adult women need 2200 ml of liquids per day – approx 9 cups
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| Dehydration | >2% total body weight loss (clinical dehydration) Special concern in the elderly – muscle wasting and low food consumption; chronic disease so usually on a diuretic Alcohol and caffeine are diuretics – can't count towards intake
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| Water intoxication | Those at risk: Infants – can happen when they're sick; when use too much water in formula Psychiatric patients – don't have a constant memory; can't tell you what they've dLSone Patients on psychotropic drugs – LSD, Xtasy – recreational drugs (not a pr
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| Extracellular fluid | Total body water outside cells One quarter of extracellular fluid is blood plasma
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| Interstitial fluid | Fluid surrounding cells in tissues
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| Intracellular fluid | Total body water inside the cells Twice the volume of that outside the cells
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| Overall water balance | Average adult metabolizes 2.5 to 3 L of water/day Know blood ¼ of extracelluar is plasma, interstitial fluid, secretions
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| Water output | Obligatory water loss Leaves the body through kidneys, skin, lungs, and feces Optional water loss Varies according to climate and physical activity
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| Electrolytes | Small, inorganic substances that break apart in a solution and carry an electrical charge (ions); Vary accordingly to Body temp, activity level, age, diuretics
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| Plasma Proteins | Mainly albumin and globulin Not charged; plasma can't freely move across a cellular membrane – allows to be maintained in blood vessels; Collaids is another name for blood plasma
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| colloidal osmotic pressure | guard blood volume
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| Capillary membrane | Thin and porous; Water molecules move freely across them
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| Cell membrane | Thicker membranes (built like a sandwich) Have penetrating channels of protein Constructed to protect and nourish cell contents
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| Osmosis | water movement from low to high; Process or force that impels water molecules to move throughout body; Moves water molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration
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| Diffusion | particles moving from high to low Force by which particles in solution move outward in all directions from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
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| Filtration | Water is forced through membrane pores when pressure outside the membrane is different
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| Active transport | Necessary to carry particles “upstream” across separating membranes
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| Pinocytosis | (means cell drinking) Larger molecules attach to thicker cell membrane, then are engulfed by cell
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| Capillary Fluid Shift Mechanism | Cells’ water and nutrients must move from capillaries to cells. Water and cell metabolites must return to capillaries. Uses opposing fluid pressures: Hydrostatic pressure Colloidal osmotic pressure
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| Gastrointestinal circulation | Water separated from blood plasma is continually secreted into the gastrointestinal tract.
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| isotonicity | equal osmotic pressure – d/t equal concentration of electrolytes and water
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| Renal circulation | Kidney “laundering” of the blood helps maintain water balance and proper solution of blood
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| Hormonal controls | Antidiuretic hormone mechanism Aldosterone mechanism
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| Antidiuretic hormone mechanism | anti-pee; induces the reabsorption of water
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| Aldosterone mechanism | produced by the adrenal glands – triggers the kidneys to reabsorb sodium – works w/ ADH
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| Acid | more hydrogen ions; pH stands for “power of hydrogen” Acidity value <7.35 Neutral value = 7
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| Acid-Base Buffer System | Handles an excess of acid or base Mixture of acid and base that protects a solution from wide variations in pH Main buffer system: carbonic acid/base bicarbonate
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| how much of the human body is made up of water? | 50-60%
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Created by:
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