Nutrition Wk4 Ch8
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| Classes of body minerals | Major minerals (>100 mg/day) Trace elements (<100 mg/day)
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| Mineral metabolism | Digestion Absorption Transport
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| Major Minerals | Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Chloride Magnesium Sulfur
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| Calcium functions | Bone and tooth formation Blood clotting - fibrin Muscle and nerve action Metabolic reactions
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| calcium requirements | 1000 mg/day – rarely get enough
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| calcium deficiency | Osteoporosis – smoking increases
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| calcium toxicity | too much can lead to kidney stones
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| calcium food sources | Milk is the major food source Green vegetables, fish with bones, fortified food; broccoli and kale
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| Phosphorus functions | Bone and tooth formation Energy metabolism Acid-base balance
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| Phosphorus requirements | 700 mg/day
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| Phosphorus food sources | Milk, milk products, fish, eggs
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| Sodium functions | Water balance – prevents dehydration Acid-base balance Muscle action – transmit nerve impulses to contract muscles Nutrient absorption – assists w/ glucose transporters (sodium dependent glucose transmitters
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| Sodium requirements | AI: 1.5 g/day UL: 2.3 g/day
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| sodium deficiency | if you sweat excessively-amt is diminished; not enough causes heavy cramping
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| sodium toxicity | sensitivity and hypertension; edema (esp in lower extrem)
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| sodium food sources | Table salt, cured meat, canned soups, processed food
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| Potassium functions | Water balance Metabolic reactions Muscle action – esp important to heart muscle Insulin release Blood pressure – d/t sodium-potassium balance
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| potassium requirements | AI: 4.7 g/day
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| potassium deficiency | diarrhea, vomiting, surgery, od on diuretics (many are non-potassium sparing); if you run and don't get enough water
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| Potassium toxicity | fatal arythmias causing miocardial infarction
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| potassium food sources | Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fresh meats
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| Chloride functions | Digestion Key element in hydrochloric acid secretion Respiration – neccesary for life – help RBC move carbon dioxide to be released from body
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| chloride requirements | AI: 2.3 g/day
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| chloride deficiency | vomiting, dehydration; metabolic alkalosis
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| chloride food sources | Table salt (sodium chloride)
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| Magnesium functions | found in every body cell; General metabolism Protein synthesis Muscle action Basal metabolic rate
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| magnesium requirements | 300 to 400 mg/day
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| macnesium deficiency | sx rare, except in clinical states of starvation b/c of disease or surgery that is taking place; diabetes, kidney disease, alcholism, htn, muscle cramps and weakness
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| magnesium toxicity | renal pts greatest risk
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| magnesium food sources | Nuts, soybeans, cocoa, seafood, peas, green vegetables, whole grains
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| Sulfur functions | known as keratin Helps transfer energy to tissue Found in many vits Hair, skin, and nails General metabolic functions Vitamin structure Collagen structure
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| sulfur requirements | Not stated – should never have to take a supplement
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| sulfur food sources | Meat, nuts, soy, fish, cheese, eggs
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| Trace Elements | Iron – syn. Hemaglobin; RBC; anemia (2bil people anemic) Iodine, Zinc, Selenium, Fluoride, Copper, Manganese, Chromium, Molybdenum, Cobalt, Boron, Vanadium, Nickel
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| iron functions | Hemoglobin synthesis General metabolism
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| iron requirements | 8 to 11 mg/day for males 8 to 18 mg/day for females
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| iron deficiency | Anemia
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| iron toxicity | sm doses nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; 1 lg dose can kill you
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| iron food sources | red meat, eggs, soy beans, spinach
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| iodine functions | Participation in thyroid gland’s synthesis of thyroxine (controls basal metabolic rate)
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| iron requirements | 150 mcg/day
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| iron deficiency | Goiter – common b4 iodized salt Cretinism – mrd, dwarfism (def in iodine during preg) Hypothyroidism – wt gain, bad thin and corse hair Hyperthyroidism – rapid wt loss, tremors, graves disease
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| iodine food sources | Iodized table salt, seafood
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| zinc functions | males need more than females StabIizes insulin storage in pancreas Wound healing Taste and smell ability Enzyme constituent Immune system
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| zinc requirements | 11 mg/day for males 8 mg/day for females
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| zinc deficiency | Poor wound healing Impaired taste and smell Need during preg and lactation; infancy and adolescence Lowest intake during 1-3, adolescent females, people older than 71; hypogeusia (lack of taste) hyposmia (impaired smell)
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| hypogeusia | lack of taste
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| hyposmia | impaired smell
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| zinc toxicity | nausea, vomiting
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| zinc food sources | Meat, seafood, legumes, whole grains
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| selenium functions | Aids in protection from free radicals Works w/ protein as an antioxidant Works w/ thyroid funtion (risk for thyroid cancer)
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| selenium requirements | RDA: 55 mcg/day
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| selenium toxicity | GI, brittle hair/nails; rash, if everything smells like garlic – od in selenium
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| selenium food sources | Seafood, kidney, liver; depends on soil content
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| Fluoride functions | preventing tooth caries
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| copper function | Known as “Iron twin” - same funtion (hemoglobin syn. And energy production)
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| Chromium | Previously thought to reduce insulin resistance – recent studies show no effect
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| Manganese | Inhalation toxicity when mining
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| mineral supplementation | Life cycle needs Pregnancy and lactation Adolescence Adulthood Clinical needs Iron-deficiency anemia Zinc deficiency
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