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Nutrition Wk4 Ch8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classes of body minerals | Major minerals (>100 mg/day) Trace elements (<100 mg/day) |
| Mineral metabolism | Digestion Absorption Transport |
| Major Minerals | Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Chloride Magnesium Sulfur |
| Calcium functions | Bone and tooth formation Blood clotting - fibrin Muscle and nerve action Metabolic reactions |
| calcium requirements | 1000 mg/day – rarely get enough |
| calcium deficiency | Osteoporosis – smoking increases |
| calcium toxicity | too much can lead to kidney stones |
| calcium food sources | Milk is the major food source Green vegetables, fish with bones, fortified food; broccoli and kale |
| Phosphorus functions | Bone and tooth formation Energy metabolism Acid-base balance |
| Phosphorus requirements | 700 mg/day |
| Phosphorus food sources | Milk, milk products, fish, eggs |
| Sodium functions | Water balance – prevents dehydration Acid-base balance Muscle action – transmit nerve impulses to contract muscles Nutrient absorption – assists w/ glucose transporters (sodium dependent glucose transmitters |
| Sodium requirements | AI: 1.5 g/day UL: 2.3 g/day |
| sodium deficiency | if you sweat excessively-amt is diminished; not enough causes heavy cramping |
| sodium toxicity | sensitivity and hypertension; edema (esp in lower extrem) |
| sodium food sources | Table salt, cured meat, canned soups, processed food |
| Potassium functions | Water balance Metabolic reactions Muscle action – esp important to heart muscle Insulin release Blood pressure – d/t sodium-potassium balance |
| potassium requirements | AI: 4.7 g/day |
| potassium deficiency | diarrhea, vomiting, surgery, od on diuretics (many are non-potassium sparing); if you run and don't get enough water |
| Potassium toxicity | fatal arythmias causing miocardial infarction |
| potassium food sources | Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fresh meats |
| Chloride functions | Digestion Key element in hydrochloric acid secretion Respiration – neccesary for life – help RBC move carbon dioxide to be released from body |
| chloride requirements | AI: 2.3 g/day |
| chloride deficiency | vomiting, dehydration; metabolic alkalosis |
| chloride food sources | Table salt (sodium chloride) |
| Magnesium functions | found in every body cell; General metabolism Protein synthesis Muscle action Basal metabolic rate |
| magnesium requirements | 300 to 400 mg/day |
| macnesium deficiency | sx rare, except in clinical states of starvation b/c of disease or surgery that is taking place; diabetes, kidney disease, alcholism, htn, muscle cramps and weakness |
| magnesium toxicity | renal pts greatest risk |
| magnesium food sources | Nuts, soybeans, cocoa, seafood, peas, green vegetables, whole grains |
| Sulfur functions | known as keratin Helps transfer energy to tissue Found in many vits Hair, skin, and nails General metabolic functions Vitamin structure Collagen structure |
| sulfur requirements | Not stated – should never have to take a supplement |
| sulfur food sources | Meat, nuts, soy, fish, cheese, eggs |
| Trace Elements | Iron – syn. Hemaglobin; RBC; anemia (2bil people anemic) Iodine, Zinc, Selenium, Fluoride, Copper, Manganese, Chromium, Molybdenum, Cobalt, Boron, Vanadium, Nickel |
| iron functions | Hemoglobin synthesis General metabolism |
| iron requirements | 8 to 11 mg/day for males 8 to 18 mg/day for females |
| iron deficiency | Anemia |
| iron toxicity | sm doses nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; 1 lg dose can kill you |
| iron food sources | red meat, eggs, soy beans, spinach |
| iodine functions | Participation in thyroid gland’s synthesis of thyroxine (controls basal metabolic rate) |
| iron requirements | 150 mcg/day |
| iron deficiency | Goiter – common b4 iodized salt Cretinism – mrd, dwarfism (def in iodine during preg) Hypothyroidism – wt gain, bad thin and corse hair Hyperthyroidism – rapid wt loss, tremors, graves disease |
| iodine food sources | Iodized table salt, seafood |
| zinc functions | males need more than females StabIizes insulin storage in pancreas Wound healing Taste and smell ability Enzyme constituent Immune system |
| zinc requirements | 11 mg/day for males 8 mg/day for females |
| zinc deficiency | Poor wound healing Impaired taste and smell Need during preg and lactation; infancy and adolescence Lowest intake during 1-3, adolescent females, people older than 71; hypogeusia (lack of taste) hyposmia (impaired smell) |
| hypogeusia | lack of taste |
| hyposmia | impaired smell |
| zinc toxicity | nausea, vomiting |
| zinc food sources | Meat, seafood, legumes, whole grains |
| selenium functions | Aids in protection from free radicals Works w/ protein as an antioxidant Works w/ thyroid funtion (risk for thyroid cancer) |
| selenium requirements | RDA: 55 mcg/day |
| selenium toxicity | GI, brittle hair/nails; rash, if everything smells like garlic – od in selenium |
| selenium food sources | Seafood, kidney, liver; depends on soil content |
| Fluoride functions | preventing tooth caries |
| copper function | Known as “Iron twin” - same funtion (hemoglobin syn. And energy production) |
| Chromium | Previously thought to reduce insulin resistance – recent studies show no effect |
| Manganese | Inhalation toxicity when mining |
| mineral supplementation | Life cycle needs Pregnancy and lactation Adolescence Adulthood Clinical needs Iron-deficiency anemia Zinc deficiency |
Created by:
MarieG
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