clinical neuro 3
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| VTA + nucleus accumbens = | reward pathway
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| first area of projection of reward pathway | prefrontal cortex (ie - judgement)
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| drugs that alter perception w/o causing sensation of reward/euphoria | non-addictive drugs of abuse
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| ex's of non-addictive drugs of abuse | PCP?, LSD, ketamine
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| activated 5HT receptors in PFC | LSD
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| inhibit NMDA | PCP and ketamine
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| most commonly abused opioids | morphine, heroin, coedine, oxycodone
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| location of u opiod receptors | GABA neurons
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| location of k opiod receptors | DA neurons
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| opioid w/o severe withdrawl symptoms | codeine
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| opioid receptor that induces euphoria | u receptor
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| reverses effects of heroin and morphine | naloxone
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| long term heroin recovery treatment | methadone
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| synthetic analog of THC | dronabinol
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| MOA of THC | inhibits presynaptic GABA neurons in the VTA
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| withdrawl symtoms of THC | restlessness, irritability, agitation, insomnia, nausea, cramping
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| GHB MOA | agonist at GABAb
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| common use of GHB | date-rape drug?
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| time of maximal concentration of GHB | 30-60 min
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| no addiction or dependence, but repetitive exposure leads to tolerance | hallucinogens
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| withdrawl symptoms of nicotine | irritability and sleeplessness
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| 2 drugs to help with smoking cessation | buprioprion, varenicline
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| BZs MOA | activates GABAa
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| dependence of alcohol evident within | 6-12 hrs of cessation of drinking
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| withdrawal sx of alcohol (6-12 hrs) | tremor, N/V, anxiety, agitation, sweating
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| withdrawal sx of alcohol (24-48 hrs) | generalized seizures
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| withdrawal sx of alcohol (48-71 hrs) | DTs (hallucinations, disorientation, etc)
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| receptors affected by alcohol | GABAa, NMDA, 5HT-3, adenosine reuptake
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| disulfiram MOA | inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, causing N/V & dysphoria
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| can lead to out-of-body &/or near-death experiences | PCP , ketamine
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| recreational inhalants | benzene, toluene, NO
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| cocaine hydrochloride | injected/snorted
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| crack cocaine | free base form of cocaine, can be smoked
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| PNS MOA of cocaine | inhibits voltage gated Na+ channels
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| CNS MOA of cocaine | blocks DA reuptake, NE, and 5HT
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| MDMA | ectasy
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| fosters feelings of intimacy and empathy w/o impairing intellect | MDMA
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| concerns with MDMA use | hyperthermia, dehydration, water intoxication, 5HT syndrome
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| withdrawl sx of MDMA | depression
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| MOA of salvia divinorum | k opiod agonist
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| major sx of salvia divinorum use | uncontrollable laughter, elevated mood, introspection
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| amphetamine/methamphetamine MOA | block NT uptake into vesicles and reduce NT release
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| excess NT in the cytoplasm causes | reversal of transporter, and subsequent release of NT into synapse
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| withdrawl sx of amphetamines | dysphoria, drowsiness, insomnia, irritability
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| method of administration of amphetamines | initially pill form, can be smoked; heavy users may inject
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| MOA of MDMA | binds to 5HT transporter
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| bath salts usually contain | MDPV and/or mephedrone
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