AP Psych Reveiw
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| Memory | the process of encoding, retreving, and storing messages in the brain.
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| Information Processing Model | process that includes sensory memory, working memory, encoding, long-term memory, and retrevial.
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| Levels of Processing Model | the deeper information is encoded, the more likely we are to remember it.
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| sensory memory | stores all sensory information for a short period of time.
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| George Sperling | demonstrated how information is held in the sensory memory.
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| Iconic Memory | a breif mental photograph of a scene.
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| Selective Attention | attending to sensory information that is most important at the time (cocktail party effect).
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| Echoic Memory | a brief memory for sounds.
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| Short Term Memory | the working memory where sensory info stays for about 30 seconds.
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| Chunking | a way of remembering lists by grouping information.
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| Mneumonic devices | memory aids that help you to remember a list (ex: remembering the planets with an acronym).
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| Rehearsal | remembering information by repeating it.
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| Long-Term Memory | acts as the storage unit for memories.
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| Episodic Memory | memories of specific events.
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| Semantic Memory | general knowledge of the world.
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| Procedural Memory | memories on how to do something such as tying your shoe.
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| Explicit Memories | the conscious memories of facts or events.
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| implicit Memories | unintentional memories you have of events.
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| Eidetic Memory | photographic memory.
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| retrieval | getting information out of long term memory so we can use it.
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| Recognition | the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in our memory.
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| Recall | retreiving a memory with an external cue
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| Primacy Effect | the tendancy to remember the beginning of a list.
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| Recency Effect | the tendancy to remember the end of a list.
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| Serial Position Effect | the tendancy to remember things at the beginning and end of a list.
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| Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon | when you know you know the information but you cannot retreive it from your long term memory.
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| Semantic Network Theory | our brain forms new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory.
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| Flashbulb Memories | a vivid memory related to an event.
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| State Dependent Theory | recalling specific events while in particular states of consiousness.
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| Mood-Congruent Theory | recalling a memory when you are in the same mood as you were when the event happened.
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| Constructed Memory | false recollection of a memory.
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| Relearning Effect | after you have already learned information, it will take you shorter time to re-learn it.
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| Retroactive Interference | learning new information interferes with remembering old information.
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| Proactive Interference | old information interferes with learning new information.
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| Anterograde Amnesia | inability to encode new memories.
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| Retrograde Amnesia | inability to remember previous memories.
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| Long-Term Potention | the more often we use a memory, strenghtens how quickly the neurons will fire.
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| Phonemes | the smallest units of sounds used in language.
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| Morphemes | the smallest unit of meaningful sound.
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| Syntax | the order in which words are written.
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| Language Acquisition | how we learn language; language is innate.
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| Linguistic Relativity Process | language controls and limist our thinking (Whorf).
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| Prototypes | what we think is the mosty typical example of a particular concept.
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| Images | mental images we create in our minds.
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| Algorithm | formula that garuntees the right answer.
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| Heuristic | a shortcut to finding the right answer.
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| Representative Heuristic | making a judgement based on previously learned information
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| Belief Bias | the tendency to not change our beliefs even when presented with contradictory concepts.
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| Functional Fixedness | inability to problem solve.
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| Conformation Bias | tendency to pay attention to information that confirms our beliefs and ignore information that refutes it.
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| Convergent Thinking | thinking pointed at one solution
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| Divergent Thinking | thinking that searches for multiple answers.
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| Availabilty Heuristic | judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initialy. (ex: steroetyping a blonde to be dumb).
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| Trephining | an early form of treatment where holes would be made in human skull's to let the harmful spirits escape.
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| Deinstitutionalization | releasing people from mental insitutions due to the development of drugs.
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| Prevention | if psychological problems can be treated before they become severe, then the suffering of the client as well as the cost will be reduced.
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| Psychotherapy | treatment of mental disorders that involves talking to the therapist.
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| Frued's Psychoanalysis | views the cause of disorders as unconscious conflicts, therefore the focus is identifying the underlying problem.
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| Free Association | saying whatever comes to mind without thinking about it; meant to bring unconscious desires to light.
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| Dream Analysis | the ego's defenses are down during sleep, so unconscious desires are brought to light.
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| Manifest Content | the storyline of a dream.
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| Latent Content | the underlying meaning of the dream.
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| Resistance | resisting what thier psychologist says because the psychologist is right about his analysis; meant to protect the patient.
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| Transference | transfering thoughts about a specific person onto the psychologist.
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| Insight Therapies | highlights the importants of the clients gaining an understanding of their problems.
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| Humanistisc Therapies | focus on helping people understand and accept themselves through self actualization.
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| Client-Centered Therapy | developed by Carl Rogers; therapist provides unconditional positive regard for the patient letting them know that they understand.
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| Unconditional Positive Regard | blanket acceptance and support for a person regardless of what the person says or does.
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| Acitve or Relfectve Listening | actively clarifying the feeling of the client to let them know that the therapist is listening.
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| Gestalt Therapy | emphasize the importance of the whole selves and to get in touch with body position and small actions.
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| Existential Therapies | humanistic therapies that focus on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives; help the clients to see thier lives as worthwhile.
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| Behaviorist Therapies | believe that all behavior is learned through classical, operant conditioning, and modeling.
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| Counterconditioning | an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one.
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| Systematic Desensitization | the process of replacing the feelings of anxiety with relaxation.
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| Anxiety Hierarchy | a rank-ordered list of what the client fear, starting with the least frighteneing and ending with the most frighteneing.
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| Flooding | clients face thier fears all at once which therapists hope will irrationalaize their fears and the fear will be extinguished.
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| Aversive Conditioning | pairs a habit a person wishes to break with an unpleasant stimulus.
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| Token Economy | desired behaviors are identified and rewarded with tokens which can be exchanged for various objects or priveleges.
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| Cognitive Therapies | focus on changing unhealthy thought patters.
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| Attributinal Style | attributing behaviors to external locus' of control rather than internal.
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| Beck's Cognitive Therapy | method involving clients trying to get clients to engage in puruits that will bein gthem success; often used in treatment of depression.
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| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | combines cognitive and behavioral therapies.
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| Ellis' Ratikonal Emotive Behavior Therapy | seek to expose and confront the dysfuntional thoughts of their clients.
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| Group THerapies | less expensive and can be helpful bc you get all the groups insight.
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| Somatic Therapies | therapies that produce bodily changes.
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| Psychopharmocology | drug therapy.
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| Antipsychotic Drugs | blocks the receptor sitse for dopamine; usually used in the treatment of schizophrenia such as thorazine of haldol.
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| Antidepressants | drugs that block neurotransmitters.
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| Antianxietydrugs | act by depressing the activity of the central nervous system, such as barbituates and Xanax and Valium.
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| Elecrtoconvulsive Therapys | therapy in which an electrical current passes through both hemispheres of the brain, followed by a breif seizure; mainly used in the treatment of depresiion.
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| Psychosurgery | procedures done as a last resort where part of the brain is destroyed to alter a person's behavior.
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| Psychiatrists | medical doctors who can prescribe drugs.
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| Clinical Psychologists | have phDs and deal with more severe mental issues.
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| Counseling Psychologists | school psychologists, or marraige and family therapists.
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| Psychoanalysts | people specifically trained in Freudian methods and they may not have medical degrees.
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