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AP Psych Reveiw
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory | the process of encoding, retreving, and storing messages in the brain. |
| Information Processing Model | process that includes sensory memory, working memory, encoding, long-term memory, and retrevial. |
| Levels of Processing Model | the deeper information is encoded, the more likely we are to remember it. |
| sensory memory | stores all sensory information for a short period of time. |
| George Sperling | demonstrated how information is held in the sensory memory. |
| Iconic Memory | a breif mental photograph of a scene. |
| Selective Attention | attending to sensory information that is most important at the time (cocktail party effect). |
| Echoic Memory | a brief memory for sounds. |
| Short Term Memory | the working memory where sensory info stays for about 30 seconds. |
| Chunking | a way of remembering lists by grouping information. |
| Mneumonic devices | memory aids that help you to remember a list (ex: remembering the planets with an acronym). |
| Rehearsal | remembering information by repeating it. |
| Long-Term Memory | acts as the storage unit for memories. |
| Episodic Memory | memories of specific events. |
| Semantic Memory | general knowledge of the world. |
| Procedural Memory | memories on how to do something such as tying your shoe. |
| Explicit Memories | the conscious memories of facts or events. |
| implicit Memories | unintentional memories you have of events. |
| Eidetic Memory | photographic memory. |
| retrieval | getting information out of long term memory so we can use it. |
| Recognition | the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in our memory. |
| Recall | retreiving a memory with an external cue |
| Primacy Effect | the tendancy to remember the beginning of a list. |
| Recency Effect | the tendancy to remember the end of a list. |
| Serial Position Effect | the tendancy to remember things at the beginning and end of a list. |
| Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon | when you know you know the information but you cannot retreive it from your long term memory. |
| Semantic Network Theory | our brain forms new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory. |
| Flashbulb Memories | a vivid memory related to an event. |
| State Dependent Theory | recalling specific events while in particular states of consiousness. |
| Mood-Congruent Theory | recalling a memory when you are in the same mood as you were when the event happened. |
| Constructed Memory | false recollection of a memory. |
| Relearning Effect | after you have already learned information, it will take you shorter time to re-learn it. |
| Retroactive Interference | learning new information interferes with remembering old information. |
| Proactive Interference | old information interferes with learning new information. |
| Anterograde Amnesia | inability to encode new memories. |
| Retrograde Amnesia | inability to remember previous memories. |
| Long-Term Potention | the more often we use a memory, strenghtens how quickly the neurons will fire. |
| Phonemes | the smallest units of sounds used in language. |
| Morphemes | the smallest unit of meaningful sound. |
| Syntax | the order in which words are written. |
| Language Acquisition | how we learn language; language is innate. |
| Linguistic Relativity Process | language controls and limist our thinking (Whorf). |
| Prototypes | what we think is the mosty typical example of a particular concept. |
| Images | mental images we create in our minds. |
| Algorithm | formula that garuntees the right answer. |
| Heuristic | a shortcut to finding the right answer. |
| Representative Heuristic | making a judgement based on previously learned information |
| Belief Bias | the tendency to not change our beliefs even when presented with contradictory concepts. |
| Functional Fixedness | inability to problem solve. |
| Conformation Bias | tendency to pay attention to information that confirms our beliefs and ignore information that refutes it. |
| Convergent Thinking | thinking pointed at one solution |
| Divergent Thinking | thinking that searches for multiple answers. |
| Availabilty Heuristic | judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initialy. (ex: steroetyping a blonde to be dumb). |
| Trephining | an early form of treatment where holes would be made in human skull's to let the harmful spirits escape. |
| Deinstitutionalization | releasing people from mental insitutions due to the development of drugs. |
| Prevention | if psychological problems can be treated before they become severe, then the suffering of the client as well as the cost will be reduced. |
| Psychotherapy | treatment of mental disorders that involves talking to the therapist. |
| Frued's Psychoanalysis | views the cause of disorders as unconscious conflicts, therefore the focus is identifying the underlying problem. |
| Free Association | saying whatever comes to mind without thinking about it; meant to bring unconscious desires to light. |
| Dream Analysis | the ego's defenses are down during sleep, so unconscious desires are brought to light. |
| Manifest Content | the storyline of a dream. |
| Latent Content | the underlying meaning of the dream. |
| Resistance | resisting what thier psychologist says because the psychologist is right about his analysis; meant to protect the patient. |
| Transference | transfering thoughts about a specific person onto the psychologist. |
| Insight Therapies | highlights the importants of the clients gaining an understanding of their problems. |
| Humanistisc Therapies | focus on helping people understand and accept themselves through self actualization. |
| Client-Centered Therapy | developed by Carl Rogers; therapist provides unconditional positive regard for the patient letting them know that they understand. |
| Unconditional Positive Regard | blanket acceptance and support for a person regardless of what the person says or does. |
| Acitve or Relfectve Listening | actively clarifying the feeling of the client to let them know that the therapist is listening. |
| Gestalt Therapy | emphasize the importance of the whole selves and to get in touch with body position and small actions. |
| Existential Therapies | humanistic therapies that focus on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives; help the clients to see thier lives as worthwhile. |
| Behaviorist Therapies | believe that all behavior is learned through classical, operant conditioning, and modeling. |
| Counterconditioning | an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one. |
| Systematic Desensitization | the process of replacing the feelings of anxiety with relaxation. |
| Anxiety Hierarchy | a rank-ordered list of what the client fear, starting with the least frighteneing and ending with the most frighteneing. |
| Flooding | clients face thier fears all at once which therapists hope will irrationalaize their fears and the fear will be extinguished. |
| Aversive Conditioning | pairs a habit a person wishes to break with an unpleasant stimulus. |
| Token Economy | desired behaviors are identified and rewarded with tokens which can be exchanged for various objects or priveleges. |
| Cognitive Therapies | focus on changing unhealthy thought patters. |
| Attributinal Style | attributing behaviors to external locus' of control rather than internal. |
| Beck's Cognitive Therapy | method involving clients trying to get clients to engage in puruits that will bein gthem success; often used in treatment of depression. |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | combines cognitive and behavioral therapies. |
| Ellis' Ratikonal Emotive Behavior Therapy | seek to expose and confront the dysfuntional thoughts of their clients. |
| Group THerapies | less expensive and can be helpful bc you get all the groups insight. |
| Somatic Therapies | therapies that produce bodily changes. |
| Psychopharmocology | drug therapy. |
| Antipsychotic Drugs | blocks the receptor sitse for dopamine; usually used in the treatment of schizophrenia such as thorazine of haldol. |
| Antidepressants | drugs that block neurotransmitters. |
| Antianxietydrugs | act by depressing the activity of the central nervous system, such as barbituates and Xanax and Valium. |
| Elecrtoconvulsive Therapys | therapy in which an electrical current passes through both hemispheres of the brain, followed by a breif seizure; mainly used in the treatment of depresiion. |
| Psychosurgery | procedures done as a last resort where part of the brain is destroyed to alter a person's behavior. |
| Psychiatrists | medical doctors who can prescribe drugs. |
| Clinical Psychologists | have phDs and deal with more severe mental issues. |
| Counseling Psychologists | school psychologists, or marraige and family therapists. |
| Psychoanalysts | people specifically trained in Freudian methods and they may not have medical degrees. |
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