Validity scale
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| What does MMPI-2 stand for | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
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| Who created the MMPI | 1939 Original work initiated on MMPI by Starke Hathaway and J.C. McKinley
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| When was the MMPI published | MMPI published in 1943 (550 items)
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| When was the MMPI-2 published | 1989 Publication of MMPI-2
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| Why Did Items Need to Be Changed/Updated? | Non-representative norms based on 724 Minnesota Normals in the 1930’s (average person was 35 years old, married with 8th grade educational level); 221 psychiatric patients (w/questionable diagnoses)
What else was wrong with the first MMPI
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| Normative Sample MMPI-2 | Better nationwide sample (but excluded the deep south), 2600 persons from 7 states (1,138 men and 1462 women), More diverse minority samples include, Special effort to include couples.
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| MMPI-2 matched which census | Matched to US 1980 census, but too few Asians, Hispanics & upward skew of income, education, occupation (better functioning), More Native Americans than in census.
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| MMPI-2 uses what type of scores | Uniform T-scores (instead of linear T-Scores) produce same range, % rank, and distribution and were used for all MMPI-2 validity and clinical scales (goal is to to make them comparable)
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| How was the MMPI-2 skewed | Positive skew for scales since the sample was largely normal (clustered at the low or non-pathological end)
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| How many items does the MMPI-2 contain | Contains 567 items
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| How many items are on the MMPI-2 abbreviated version and why | 370 for abbreviated protocol (all validity and clinical scales), Only if person can’t take it (i.e. nervous breakdown, panic attack)
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| What grade level is it written at | Written around the 6th grade reading level (do a reading test before; i.e. WRAT)
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| What types of answers are allowed | True and False Answers only (can leave blank) (blank questions may indicate something)
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| How many validity scales | 7 validity scales- ?, L,F, K, F, (B)Back Page F, TRIN, & VRIN
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| How many clinical scales | 8 clinical scales (symptom data)
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| What age group is MMPI-2 for | MMPI-2 is for adults 18+
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| MMPI-2 Abbreviated version is first ? items | 370 items of the test
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| MMPI-RF is | new short form version (2007)- contains 338 items
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| Six primary validity scales on the MMPI-2 | ? Cannot say, VRIN = Variable Response Inconsistency Scale, TRIN = True Response Inconsistency Scale, L = Lie Scale (pretending to be more virtuous), K = Defensiveness Scale (resisting to answer), F = Infrequency Scale (appearing more pathological then tr
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| Types of Abnormal Approaches to the MMPI-2 | MUST RULE THESE OUT TO BE VALID
1) Random Responding
2) Yea Saying (80% true responding; acquiescence)
3) Ney Saying (false responding; nonacquiescence)
4) Fake good (defensiveness, no problems at all)
5) Fake bad (exaggeration of symptoms)
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| Steps in MMPI-2 Interpretation per Manual | 1) Evaluate acceptability/validity of the protocol
2) Examine Clinical scales for information on symptoms and personality traits
3) Examine Harris-Lingoes subscale scores to determine what components are contributing to the clinical scale elevations
4)
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| Cannot Say (?) Score | # of items not responded to (items left blank)
What is the reason for this?
If ? ≥ 30 invalid
11-29 examine for patterns on specific scales (10% rule for missing items)
If ? 0-10 probably valid, look at items
Try to get client to go back and answer i
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| Variable Response Inconsistency Scale (VRIN) | Compares responses on 67 items pairs that have similar or opposite content
Answer consistently on both, if not then 1 point is added to the VRIN score
VRIN is a measure of consistency of responses (gets people who randomly answer)
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| VRIN is invalid at | ≥ 80 Invalid test; totally random response set (T = 96)
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| VRIN 65-79 | - some inconsistency, interpret with caution, carelessness probable on test
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| TRIN is comprised of | 23 pairs of items that are opposite in content. If the persons answers T or F to both items, then a point is added to TRIN.
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| The “T” or “F” after the T score shows | the direction of responding
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| TRIN ≥ 80T is | invalid- yea saying
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| TRIN ≥ 80F is | invalid- ney saying
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| Lie Scale (L) | 15 items – unsophisticated attempt to present self in positive light (obvious faking good)
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| (L) Items reflect | minor faults and flaws in character that most people will readily admit
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| (L) items are scored | in the all false direction
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| High (L) scores | rigid, naively defensive, want to be socially acceptable
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| Lie scores ≥ 80 | are invalid, faking good (examine TRIN as well to determine if ney saying or a faking good profile) if L goes up, check TRIN
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| Lie scores less than 64 | are valid in clinical samples
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| Assessment situation | can affect L scores- custody evaluations where these biases are expected; higher in clergy members
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| High L scores may reflect | fear of responding honestly or attempts to present a positive impression
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| Higher (L) in job evaluations | which do not require a college education
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| If L score are elevated in highly | educated and intelligent persons then pay special attention
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| Less educated persons | have higher L scores in general
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| Correction (K) Scale | To detect levels of defensiveness or denial of problems- minimization of problems
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| (K) is __ whereas (L) is __ | Subtle defensiveness (L is more overt, naïve, rigid)
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| High K scores are persons | who are unlikely to admit to psychological problems (suppression effect on some clinical scales)
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| (K) All items, but one | (#83) keyed in the false direction (so if saying no, then denying)
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| How many items does (K) have | 30 items
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| Variety of content areas for (K) | hostility, family dissent, lack of self-confidence
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| K needs to be interpreted in the context of what | TRIN
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| If K ≥ 65+ | profile may be invalid; check TRIN. If TRIN is 80F+ then the person “ney-sayed” for the test and it is invalid. If TRIN is normal, then the person adopted a defensive profile on the test; faking good profile; overly defensive attitude toward problems
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| If K ≤ 40T (very low K scores) | the person may have attempted to fake bad
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| Low K scores →If TRIN is ≥ 80T+ | then the person “yea-sayed” for the test and it is invalid
Low K scores →If TRIN is normal
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| A very low K score can | invalidate the MMPI-2
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| Superlative Self-Presentation Scale (S) Developed by | Butcher and Han (1995)
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| (S) Items discriminate | extremely defensive clients (airline pilot applicants) from normals - 50 items total
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| (S) correlates with which other validity scale | S and K are correlated, but K is confined to the first 370 items while S is spread out over the entire test
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| (S) is mostly Keyed in which direction | the false direction and thus, interpret with TRIN F scores
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| In clinical settings, S scores ≥ 70 | may be invalid
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| High (S) score →If TRIN F is ≥ 80, then the person tended to ney say on the test |
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| High (S) score →If TRIN is normal, the person adopted a defensive and positive impression management approach to the test |
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| Three reasons why persons show elevated infrequency scores (F) | 1) Random/fixed responses 2) Accurate description of acute pathology 3) Faking bad profile
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| Infrequency Scale (F) | Designed to detect deviant response style (responding to pathology that are not there)
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| (F) items are based on what content | Items are pathology based in content
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| (F) Questions that were answered | < 10% of the original MMPI normative sample were included in the F scale. People never tend to endorse
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| How many items does (F) have | 60 items- positively correlated with 6 (Pa) & 8 (Sc), so as F rises, these scales rise as well. One flaw= F and psychotic scales correlate highly
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| (F) Minorities score how many points higher | 3 to 5 T score pts. higher
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| F items overlap with what items | psychoticism items from the MMPI-2
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| F has separate cut off scores | for different groups.
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| F ≥ 100+ | in inpatient clinical samples may be invalid
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| F 80 - 99 | possible exaggeration of problems; cry for help
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| F 55 - 79 | Distress present but honest
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| F ≤ 54 | May be defensive
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| Some research has stated that F = 90 is | the optimal cut-score for determining faking bad (over 90) from reporting actual pathology (under 90)
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| F scores of ≥ 90 | may be invalid for outpatient samples
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| F scores of ≥ 80 | for non-clinical samples may also be invalid.
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| (F) For both clinical and non-clinical samples | you must determine the reason for the elevation
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| Back Infrequency Scale (Fb) | Reveals someone who responded invalidly to the second half of the test (all F items are in the first 361 items); abbreviated version is 370
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| Fb items in the last 206 items (# 281 – 555) Changes in the test taking approach on the last part of the test If F is valid, but not Fb is invalid | you can interpret standard clinical scales, but not supplemental or content scales
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| F and Fb are not directly comparable scales due to | differences in the lower number of Fb items
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| F has more what type of items vs. Fb | F is more psychoticism type items and Fb is more emotional distress items
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| For clinical persons, if Fb ≥ 110 and is at least 30 points higher than F | the person approached the last part of the test in an inappropriate manner; interpret clinical scales only
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| In non-clinical settings, Fb ≥ 90 and is at least 30 T points higher than F | interpret clinical scales only
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| Fp was developed by who | Arbisi and Ben-Porath using 27 items that were endorsed by less than 20% of normals and persons in inpatient hospitals. So if you DO endorse them when even patients do not, then you are exaggerating
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| Fp items that not even… | that not even normals and psychiatric patients endorsed
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| Main value of Fp | is determining if the person is exaggerating or reporting actual pathology
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| In clinical and non-clinical samples, Fp scores ≥ 100+ | may be invalid
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| Some authors use Fp ≥ 75 | as invalid (Nichols)
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| If Fp is elevated | check TRIN and VRIN and if over 80+ the person responded randomly or in a fixed manner to the test - invalid profile
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| Fp | If TRIN and VRIN are normal, and if Fp is ≥ 100+ the person is faking bad, Attempt to appear more disturbed than they actually are in real life
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| Fp, F, and Fb should be | elevated as well in faking bad profiles
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