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Validity scale
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does MMPI-2 stand for | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) |
| Who created the MMPI | 1939 Original work initiated on MMPI by Starke Hathaway and J.C. McKinley |
| When was the MMPI published | MMPI published in 1943 (550 items) |
| When was the MMPI-2 published | 1989 Publication of MMPI-2 |
| Why Did Items Need to Be Changed/Updated? | Non-representative norms based on 724 Minnesota Normals in the 1930’s (average person was 35 years old, married with 8th grade educational level); 221 psychiatric patients (w/questionable diagnoses) What else was wrong with the first MMPI |
| Normative Sample MMPI-2 | Better nationwide sample (but excluded the deep south), 2600 persons from 7 states (1,138 men and 1462 women), More diverse minority samples include, Special effort to include couples. |
| MMPI-2 matched which census | Matched to US 1980 census, but too few Asians, Hispanics & upward skew of income, education, occupation (better functioning), More Native Americans than in census. |
| MMPI-2 uses what type of scores | Uniform T-scores (instead of linear T-Scores) produce same range, % rank, and distribution and were used for all MMPI-2 validity and clinical scales (goal is to to make them comparable) |
| How was the MMPI-2 skewed | Positive skew for scales since the sample was largely normal (clustered at the low or non-pathological end) |
| How many items does the MMPI-2 contain | Contains 567 items |
| How many items are on the MMPI-2 abbreviated version and why | 370 for abbreviated protocol (all validity and clinical scales), Only if person can’t take it (i.e. nervous breakdown, panic attack) |
| What grade level is it written at | Written around the 6th grade reading level (do a reading test before; i.e. WRAT) |
| What types of answers are allowed | True and False Answers only (can leave blank) (blank questions may indicate something) |
| How many validity scales | 7 validity scales- ?, L,F, K, F, (B)Back Page F, TRIN, & VRIN |
| How many clinical scales | 8 clinical scales (symptom data) |
| What age group is MMPI-2 for | MMPI-2 is for adults 18+ |
| MMPI-2 Abbreviated version is first ? items | 370 items of the test |
| MMPI-RF is | new short form version (2007)- contains 338 items |
| Six primary validity scales on the MMPI-2 | ? Cannot say, VRIN = Variable Response Inconsistency Scale, TRIN = True Response Inconsistency Scale, L = Lie Scale (pretending to be more virtuous), K = Defensiveness Scale (resisting to answer), F = Infrequency Scale (appearing more pathological then tr |
| Types of Abnormal Approaches to the MMPI-2 | MUST RULE THESE OUT TO BE VALID 1) Random Responding 2) Yea Saying (80% true responding; acquiescence) 3) Ney Saying (false responding; nonacquiescence) 4) Fake good (defensiveness, no problems at all) 5) Fake bad (exaggeration of symptoms) |
| Steps in MMPI-2 Interpretation per Manual | 1) Evaluate acceptability/validity of the protocol 2) Examine Clinical scales for information on symptoms and personality traits 3) Examine Harris-Lingoes subscale scores to determine what components are contributing to the clinical scale elevations 4) |
| Cannot Say (?) Score | # of items not responded to (items left blank) What is the reason for this? If ? ≥ 30 invalid 11-29 examine for patterns on specific scales (10% rule for missing items) If ? 0-10 probably valid, look at items Try to get client to go back and answer i |
| Variable Response Inconsistency Scale (VRIN) | Compares responses on 67 items pairs that have similar or opposite content Answer consistently on both, if not then 1 point is added to the VRIN score VRIN is a measure of consistency of responses (gets people who randomly answer) |
| VRIN is invalid at | ≥ 80 Invalid test; totally random response set (T = 96) |
| VRIN 65-79 | - some inconsistency, interpret with caution, carelessness probable on test |
| TRIN is comprised of | 23 pairs of items that are opposite in content. If the persons answers T or F to both items, then a point is added to TRIN. |
| The “T” or “F” after the T score shows | the direction of responding |
| TRIN ≥ 80T is | invalid- yea saying |
| TRIN ≥ 80F is | invalid- ney saying |
| Lie Scale (L) | 15 items – unsophisticated attempt to present self in positive light (obvious faking good) |
| (L) Items reflect | minor faults and flaws in character that most people will readily admit |
| (L) items are scored | in the all false direction |
| High (L) scores | rigid, naively defensive, want to be socially acceptable |
| Lie scores ≥ 80 | are invalid, faking good (examine TRIN as well to determine if ney saying or a faking good profile) if L goes up, check TRIN |
| Lie scores less than 64 | are valid in clinical samples |
| Assessment situation | can affect L scores- custody evaluations where these biases are expected; higher in clergy members |
| High L scores may reflect | fear of responding honestly or attempts to present a positive impression |
| Higher (L) in job evaluations | which do not require a college education |
| If L score are elevated in highly | educated and intelligent persons then pay special attention |
| Less educated persons | have higher L scores in general |
| Correction (K) Scale | To detect levels of defensiveness or denial of problems- minimization of problems |
| (K) is __ whereas (L) is __ | Subtle defensiveness (L is more overt, naïve, rigid) |
| High K scores are persons | who are unlikely to admit to psychological problems (suppression effect on some clinical scales) |
| (K) All items, but one | (#83) keyed in the false direction (so if saying no, then denying) |
| How many items does (K) have | 30 items |
| Variety of content areas for (K) | hostility, family dissent, lack of self-confidence |
| K needs to be interpreted in the context of what | TRIN |
| If K ≥ 65+ | profile may be invalid; check TRIN. If TRIN is 80F+ then the person “ney-sayed” for the test and it is invalid. If TRIN is normal, then the person adopted a defensive profile on the test; faking good profile; overly defensive attitude toward problems |
| If K ≤ 40T (very low K scores) | the person may have attempted to fake bad |
| Low K scores →If TRIN is ≥ 80T+ | then the person “yea-sayed” for the test and it is invalid Low K scores →If TRIN is normal |
| A very low K score can | invalidate the MMPI-2 |
| Superlative Self-Presentation Scale (S) Developed by | Butcher and Han (1995) |
| (S) Items discriminate | extremely defensive clients (airline pilot applicants) from normals - 50 items total |
| (S) correlates with which other validity scale | S and K are correlated, but K is confined to the first 370 items while S is spread out over the entire test |
| (S) is mostly Keyed in which direction | the false direction and thus, interpret with TRIN F scores |
| In clinical settings, S scores ≥ 70 | may be invalid |
| High (S) score →If TRIN F is ≥ 80, then the person tended to ney say on the test | |
| High (S) score →If TRIN is normal, the person adopted a defensive and positive impression management approach to the test | |
| Three reasons why persons show elevated infrequency scores (F) | 1) Random/fixed responses 2) Accurate description of acute pathology 3) Faking bad profile |
| Infrequency Scale (F) | Designed to detect deviant response style (responding to pathology that are not there) |
| (F) items are based on what content | Items are pathology based in content |
| (F) Questions that were answered | < 10% of the original MMPI normative sample were included in the F scale. People never tend to endorse |
| How many items does (F) have | 60 items- positively correlated with 6 (Pa) & 8 (Sc), so as F rises, these scales rise as well. One flaw= F and psychotic scales correlate highly |
| (F) Minorities score how many points higher | 3 to 5 T score pts. higher |
| F items overlap with what items | psychoticism items from the MMPI-2 |
| F has separate cut off scores | for different groups. |
| F ≥ 100+ | in inpatient clinical samples may be invalid |
| F 80 - 99 | possible exaggeration of problems; cry for help |
| F 55 - 79 | Distress present but honest |
| F ≤ 54 | May be defensive |
| Some research has stated that F = 90 is | the optimal cut-score for determining faking bad (over 90) from reporting actual pathology (under 90) |
| F scores of ≥ 90 | may be invalid for outpatient samples |
| F scores of ≥ 80 | for non-clinical samples may also be invalid. |
| (F) For both clinical and non-clinical samples | you must determine the reason for the elevation |
| Back Infrequency Scale (Fb) | Reveals someone who responded invalidly to the second half of the test (all F items are in the first 361 items); abbreviated version is 370 |
| Fb items in the last 206 items (# 281 – 555) Changes in the test taking approach on the last part of the test If F is valid, but not Fb is invalid | you can interpret standard clinical scales, but not supplemental or content scales |
| F and Fb are not directly comparable scales due to | differences in the lower number of Fb items |
| F has more what type of items vs. Fb | F is more psychoticism type items and Fb is more emotional distress items |
| For clinical persons, if Fb ≥ 110 and is at least 30 points higher than F | the person approached the last part of the test in an inappropriate manner; interpret clinical scales only |
| In non-clinical settings, Fb ≥ 90 and is at least 30 T points higher than F | interpret clinical scales only |
| Fp was developed by who | Arbisi and Ben-Porath using 27 items that were endorsed by less than 20% of normals and persons in inpatient hospitals. So if you DO endorse them when even patients do not, then you are exaggerating |
| Fp items that not even… | that not even normals and psychiatric patients endorsed |
| Main value of Fp | is determining if the person is exaggerating or reporting actual pathology |
| In clinical and non-clinical samples, Fp scores ≥ 100+ | may be invalid |
| Some authors use Fp ≥ 75 | as invalid (Nichols) |
| If Fp is elevated | check TRIN and VRIN and if over 80+ the person responded randomly or in a fixed manner to the test - invalid profile |
| Fp | If TRIN and VRIN are normal, and if Fp is ≥ 100+ the person is faking bad, Attempt to appear more disturbed than they actually are in real life |
| Fp, F, and Fb should be | elevated as well in faking bad profiles |
Created by:
kxiong