UT Southwestern - Human Behavior - Human Development (with help from rbxbrown)
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What is Spitz's definition of development? | show 🗑
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show | Secure attachment
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show | Genetically predetermined developmental changes
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What is one example of a type of biological maturation? | show 🗑
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What is the definition of Epigenesis? | show 🗑
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show | A period of time in which a developmental stage must occur, otherwise it had a very low chance of occuring
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What is the definition of Regression? | show 🗑
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What is Phase Specific Behavior? | show 🗑
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show | Emotional engagement is a required precursor to healthy development.
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Why do babies need a consistent caregiver? | show 🗑
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show | Harlow. 1) Tactile stimulation impt't, 2) Total isolation when a baby-> apathy & abuse of offspring, 3) Critical Period (3 months)
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show | Spitz. Babies changed personality, stopped development, became ill (3 month critical period)
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show | 1. Protest, 2. Passive Grief/Dejection, 3. Deep Emotional Detachment; Signs of attachment - smile, confidence, curiosity
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show | 1. Rooting, 2. Grasping, 3. Moro (throws out arms/legs/head to a startling sound/movement)
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Assuming infants are hardwired to attach, what cues to they innately pay attention to? | show 🗑
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What are the Asocial Phases of Attachment? | show 🗑
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show | 4-6 weeks. Usually a response to needs being met (e.g. seeing any human face)
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show | 7 months. baby dislikes non-caregiver. "Abandonment" calamity.
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What are Freud's Calamities of Life? | show 🗑
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show | 12 months. baby must be close to caregiver to feel secure. Blankie, thumb sucking, peek-a-boo, jack-in-the-box help baby adjust.
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show | 1) distressed, happy 2a) anxious, ambivalent 2b) anxious, avoidant; insecure response => development problems
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What are secure vs. insecure responses to Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure? | show 🗑
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Define attunement: | show 🗑
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How frequently do mothers miss a baby's needs? | show 🗑
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What happens when a mother does not repair a lack of attunement to her baby? | show 🗑
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show | DA, endogenous opioids
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Which brain regions show more synaptic growth in secure infants? | show 🗑
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Which brain region involved in social functioning is underactive in adopted Romanian children? | show 🗑
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show | Secure had a rise in CORT that returns to normal in 15 min. Insecure had CORT remain high for 24 hours.
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What is the Belief Desire Theory? | show 🗑
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What are Erikson's polarities that define human development? | show 🗑
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At what age is it important to secure dangerous items from an infant's reach? | show 🗑
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What motor landmarks characterize toddlers? | show 🗑
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What cognitive state are toddlers in? | show 🗑
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When does object constancy develop? | show 🗑
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show | Self Constancy (baby rubs rouge off its cheek after seeing it in a mirror). Toddler stage.
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show | Positive Reinforcement
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show | 18 months. Still cannot identify other kids' genders.
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What is Erickson's 2nd polarity and when does it occur? | show 🗑
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What is the fear of lost love and when does it occur? | show 🗑
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Define the significance of "negativity" in the toddler | show 🗑
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show | Get better muscular coordination, axons get myelinated (so toilet training can be accomplished).
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Relate the phases of separation/individuation | show 🗑
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show | mental representation of themselves
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Define the concept of "other" | show 🗑
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show | Mahler: mental representation of another person separate from self, Piaget: mental representation of an object
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Define the concept of "gender identity" | show 🗑
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Describe two dangers connected to the toddler's lack of control of aggression | show 🗑
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What are cognitive characteristics of preschool children? | show 🗑
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show | (2-7 years) Symbolic Function, Concrete Thinking, Egocentrism, Animism, Artificialism, Cannot reason w/Verbal Prepositions, Why questions, Inability to Conserve Mass, 1 class at a time, Irreversibility, Conscience internalized
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show | Child centers on one aspcet of an object
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What is egocentrism? | show 🗑
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show | Thinking that everything that moves is alive and has thoughts
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What is Artificialism? | show 🗑
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When do children start to ask unlimited "Why" Questions? | show 🗑
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When do children believe that everything falls into a unique discrete category? | show 🗑
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When do children desire an intimate relationship withthe parent of the opposite sex? | show 🗑
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How should you refer to genitalia when speaking to a 2-7 year old? | show 🗑
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show | Curious as a preschooler, but don't understand until 10
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Report on the secual curiosity and sexual play of preschoolers | show 🗑
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Define Erikson's phase for preschoolers | show 🗑
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List the characteristics of the grade school child | show 🗑
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show | 10
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show | Development of the conscience, friendships, peer groups, cognitive development
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show | Build network of friends, mastering activities completes Erikson's industry vs. inferiority
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Report on the expression of sexuality during the grade school years | show 🗑
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Report on Erikson's polarities of the grade school years | show 🗑
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show | Dependent upon socioeconomic status, quality of life, technological ability (higher means longer adolescence).
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show | Develop sense of identity, sexual relationships, independence from parents
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show | Identity vs. Role Confusion
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show | Lack of the following indicates role diffusion: guilt and concern, non-exploitive relations, deepening set of values
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List typical characteristics of early adolescence | show 🗑
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Report on the functions of peer relatoinships and friendships in adolescence | show 🗑
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show | Picking on, narcissistic, dating, shared happiness, premature sex, disrupt parental dynamics
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What is the superego and at what stage does it become apparent? | show 🗑
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Define conscience | show 🗑
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What are Kohlberg's first two stages of the development of the conscience? | show 🗑
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What are Kohlberg's second two stages of the development of the conscience? | show 🗑
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show | represents a set of ideal standards against which the individual measures his/her worth
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What are Erikson's polarities of young adulthood? | show 🗑
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show | Develop to give to child, meet external pressures, resolve internal motives
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show | Normative crisis (questioning adequacy), survival growth theme, supportive matrix, identity reorganization theme
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Report on the tasks and conflicts around work for the young adult | show 🗑
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What are some common relationship problems for young adults? | show 🗑
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Define the role of friendships and play in young adulthood | show 🗑
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show | Healthy couples: 1) Have fun together 2) Enjoy activities together 3) Affectionate non-/erotically 4) Listen 5) Empathetic 6) Able to explore feelings
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show | 0-2 sensorimotor, 2-7 Preoperational, 7-11 Concrete Operations, 11-? Formal Operations
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What characterizes Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage? | show 🗑
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What characterizes Piaget's Concrete Operations stage of development? | show 🗑
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show | Abstract & Deductive Reasoning, Attention to One's Own Thoughts.
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show | Autistic (0-1), Symbiotic (1-5), Differentiation (5-10), Practicing (10-16), Rapprochement (16-24), Consolidation (24-36).
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show | 1-5 months. Social Smile.
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What characterizes Mahler's Differentiation stage of development? | show 🗑
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show | 10-16 months. Separation Anxiety.
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What characterizes Mahler's Rapprochement stage of development? | show 🗑
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What characterizes Mahler's Consolidation stage of development? | show 🗑
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What are Erikson's Calamities of Life? | show 🗑
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At what age do we experience Trust/Mistrust (Erikson)? | show 🗑
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show | 1-3 years old.
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At what age do we experience Initiative/Guilt? | show 🗑
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At what age do we experience Industry/Inferiority? | show 🗑
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At what age do we experience Identity/Role Diffusion? | show 🗑
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show | Young Adulthood (Erikson).
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show | Generativity/Stagnation (adulthood), Ego Integrity/Despair (maturity)
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What are Freud's stages of Anxiety (danger situations)? | show 🗑
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What are Freud's stages of psychosexual development? | show 🗑
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show | Normal 6-11 years. Must have appropriateness of place, don't give guilt trips, should not be excessive, or used to self-soothe problems.
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show | 6-11 years.
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show | 6-11 years. Should be no coercion, harm, participation of older children.
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show | School phobia = aversion of attending school. Separation anxiety = fear of leaving the home or caregiver.
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show | 6-11 years
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What age is characterized by Reality Fantasy (i.e. "switched @ birth")? | show 🗑
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What are Kohlberg's ideas regarding the development of conscience (stage 3)? | show 🗑
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show | 6-11 (Kohlberg's conformity)
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show | 6-11. children not as much "buffeted by instinct"
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show | 1) lack of guilt/concern over aggression/emotion, 2) inability to have non-expoitive realistic relations, 3) shallow undeveloped values
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When does Menarche occur compared with sperm production? | show 🗑
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What are some characteristics of early adolescents? | show 🗑
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show | 14-16 years. dating, mixed gender friends, dates chosen on personal gain, idealistic romance, boyfriends ~ 2 years older
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show | 17 & up. date x shared happiness, same age partners, pregnancy/anorexia/body-dysmorphic disorder,
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show | Pre-Conventional: 1) Obedience/Punishment. 2) self-interest. Conventional: 3) Good Boy/Nice Girl (conformity), 4) Laws & Rules
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What is Sullivan's Definition of love? | show 🗑
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show | Men: shared experiences. Women: shared feelings.
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What are Daniel N. Stern's themes of motherhood? | show 🗑
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show | Always thinking of next move in life, pressure on people w/career & family
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show | Kohlberg's stage 4 = laws determine morality. Gilligan = women reach same moral conclusions as men using social relationship justifications instead of societal rules.
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show | Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Define the concept of body monitoring | show 🗑
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show | Experience of time changes to beig viewed as time left to live as opposed to time since birth
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show | 1) Generativity (Erikson) concern for next generation. Alternative = stagnation/emotional standstill. 2) Body monitoring, 3) time LEFT to live, 4) peak of career, 5) Introspection
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show | 2 changes: pofessional life & family life
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What did Levinson posit about the stages of life? | show 🗑
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Report on the changes in relationship with adult children durng the middle adult years | show 🗑
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What are Brazelton's guidelines for being a good grandparent? | show 🗑
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show | Peak years, mentoring relationship
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show | Integrity vs. Despair
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show | Sick elderly is a social stereotype, Degenerative changes do occur, but not set age at which these changes occur.
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show | People score same on tests young and old, need more time
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What are Characteristics of Late Adulthood? | show 🗑
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show | Healthy relationships, good marriage @ 50, no smoking/booze, happy marriage, exercise, normal weight, education --> healthy aging
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show | unhappy marriage -> 35% increased risk of illness. happy marriage -> live 4 years longer.
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