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UTSW 2011 HB Hum Dev
UT Southwestern - Human Behavior - Human Development (with help from rbxbrown)
| What is Spitz's definition of development? | The emergence of forms, fxns, and behaviors resulting from the exchange between an organism & the inner/outer environment. Onset of each stage depends on the environment. |
| Define the hallmark of development. | Secure attachment |
| What is the definition of Biological maturation? | Genetically predetermined developmental changes |
| What is one example of a type of biological maturation? | Toilet Training a Toddler (Sphincter & Motor control depend on Pyramidal tract myelination, which is genetically controlled) |
| What is the definition of Epigenesis? | That environment alters expression of the genetic code (i.e. early stress -> later predilection to anxiety) |
| What is the meaning of critical time? | A period of time in which a developmental stage must occur, otherwise it had a very low chance of occuring |
| What is the definition of Regression? | When higher fxns are traumatized in the CNS, lower fxns take over. (e.g. return of the Babinsky sign after stroke) |
| What is Phase Specific Behavior? | Doing something that is appropriate for one age but not another. (e.g. toddlers pee in the swimming pool) |
| What is the major principle of Attachment Theory? | Emotional engagement is a required precursor to healthy development. |
| Why do babies need a consistent caregiver? | (Winnicot) To provide the baby with consistency, security, and an emotional bond |
| Which researcher experimented on baby monkeys, and what are the salient findings? | Harlow. 1) Tactile stimulation impt't, 2) Total isolation when a baby-> apathy & abuse of offspring, 3) Critical Period (3 months) |
| Which researcher identified a need for individualized attention of orphaned babies? | Spitz. Babies changed personality, stopped development, became ill (3 month critical period) |
| What are Bowlby's 3 stages of traumatic separation of a baby from its caregiver? | 1. Protest, 2. Passive Grief/Dejection, 3. Deep Emotional Detachment; Signs of attachment - smile, confidence, curiosity |
| What are the innate primitive reflexes? | 1. Rooting, 2. Grasping, 3. Moro (throws out arms/legs/head to a startling sound/movement) |
| Assuming infants are hardwired to attach, what cues to they innately pay attention to? | 1) Orient to light 2) Recognize sounds after birth 3) Distinguish mother's voice and milk 4) Vertical alignment to masks |
| What are the Asocial Phases of Attachment? | 1) Limited Discrimination (0-2 mo). 2) Discrimination with limited preferences (2-7 months). 3) Preferred Attachment (7-12 months). 4) Secure Base (12-18 months) |
| When does the Social Smile develop and what is its significance? | 4-6 weeks. Usually a response to needs being met (e.g. seeing any human face) |
| When does Stranger Anxiety develop? | 7 months. baby dislikes non-caregiver. "Abandonment" calamity. |
| What are Freud's Calamities of Life? | 1) Abandonment (7 months), 2) Lost Love (2 years), 3) Being Hurt ("Band-Aid Stage"; 4 years), 4) Insecurity/ostracization (Loss of superego's love; 7 years) |
| When does Separation Anxiety develop? | 12 months. baby must be close to caregiver to feel secure. Blankie, thumb sucking, peek-a-boo, jack-in-the-box help baby adjust. |
| What is Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure? | 1) distressed, happy 2a) anxious, ambivalent 2b) anxious, avoidant; insecure response => development problems |
| What are secure vs. insecure responses to Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure? | Secure: distressed when mom leaves, happy when she returns. Insecure: anxious when mom leaves, ambivalent/avoidant when she returns. |
| Define attunement: | A caregiver's attention to a baby's needs |
| How frequently do mothers miss a baby's needs? | (Tronick) 2/3 of the time. (1/3 attuned, 1/3 miss needs, 1/3 miss needs & skilled mom fixes problem) |
| What happens when a mother does not repair a lack of attunement to her baby? | Baby becomes a child that is helpless, no sense of mastery, avoids relationships, self-reliant, poor self-regulation, persistent insecurity. |
| Which endogenous neurotransmitters are associated with secure infants? | DA, endogenous opioids |
| Which brain regions show more synaptic growth in secure infants? | prefrontal limbic right hemisphere |
| Which brain region involved in social functioning is underactive in adopted Romanian children? | Temporal Lobe (PET scan) |
| What is the difference in cortisol signaling between secure & insecure infants? | Secure had a rise in CORT that returns to normal in 15 min. Insecure had CORT remain high for 24 hours. |
| What is the Belief Desire Theory? | Moral judgments must have conceptual connections with both desires and beliefs. |
| What are Erikson's polarities that define human development? | 1) Trust vs. Mistrust that care will be given (1-2 years). 2) Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (2-3 years) |
| At what age is it important to secure dangerous items from an infant's reach? | 1.5-3 |
| What motor landmarks characterize toddlers? | (1 1/2 - 3 years) exploring, walking, language, toilet training |
| What cognitive state are toddlers in? | exploring, object & self constancy, mental representation of others, no perceived consequences (e.g. heights), aggression & temper tantrums, gender identity (18 months), 2nd calamity: loss of love |
| When does object constancy develop? | Toddlers |
| What does the Rouge Test demonstrate? | Self Constancy (baby rubs rouge off its cheek after seeing it in a mirror). Toddler stage. |
| What is the best way to toilet train? | Positive Reinforcement |
| When does a baby recognize it belongs to a certain gender? | 18 months. Still cannot identify other kids' genders. |
| What is Erickson's 2nd polarity and when does it occur? | (2-3 years) if child is successfull = feeling of autonomy. if child is unsuccessful = shame & doubt |
| What is the fear of lost love and when does it occur? | 2-3 years. Child gives up pleasurable objects/experiences for fear that parents won't love them anymore if they don't. |
| Define the significance of "negativity" in the toddler | Child is rebelling against authority, trying to become an agent in his/her own right. |
| Relate the developmental importance of muscular coordination in the toddler | Get better muscular coordination, axons get myelinated (so toilet training can be accomplished). |
| Relate the phases of separation/individuation | Mahler: Austistic - baby cannot differentiate bw mother and self, Symbiotic - infant dependent on mother, Separation - baby uses mother as base camp |
| Define the concept of "self" | mental representation of themselves |
| Define the concept of "other" | Mental representation of mother and father |
| Relate object permanence (Piaget) to object constancy (Mahler) | Mahler: mental representation of another person separate from self, Piaget: mental representation of an object |
| Define the concept of "gender identity" | Conviction of one's gender |
| Describe two dangers connected to the toddler's lack of control of aggression | Take delight in aggression. Need to use protective devices (sharp edges, windows, toilets, stairs, etc.). Also aggression towards other children (biting, fighting, etc.). Conscience = external, so very poor control over impulses. |
| What are cognitive characteristics of preschool children? | (3-6 years) Loud, vivid fantasies, imaginary friends, nightmares, gender role games, interested in sex & death, interactive play & fairytales, 3rd calamity: fear of being hurt |
| List and define 10 processes that fit under Piaget's phase of preoperational thinking | (2-7 years) Symbolic Function, Concrete Thinking, Egocentrism, Animism, Artificialism, Cannot reason w/Verbal Prepositions, Why questions, Inability to Conserve Mass, 1 class at a time, Irreversibility, Conscience internalized |
| What is Symbolic Function? | Child centers on one aspcet of an object |
| What is egocentrism? | Child is unable to put him/herself in another person's shoes |
| What is animism? | Thinking that everything that moves is alive and has thoughts |
| What is Artificialism? | (Piaget's Preoperational Stage) Everything is made for and by humans. |
| When do children start to ask unlimited "Why" Questions? | Piaget's Preoperational Stage (2-7 years). Believe adults know all answers. |
| When do children believe that everything falls into a unique discrete category? | Piaget's Preoperational Stage (2-7 years). i.e. mother is a "Mom" so can't also be an "American" |
| When do children desire an intimate relationship withthe parent of the opposite sex? | Age 2-7 |
| How should you refer to genitalia when speaking to a 2-7 year old? | Use anatomically correct name. Misconceptions can endure forever. |
| Report on the concept of "death" in the preschool child | Curious as a preschooler, but don't understand until 10 |
| Report on the secual curiosity and sexual play of preschoolers | Preoccupied with sex, doctor games, increase in masturbation, Freud's phallic stage, Tyson's infantile genital stage |
| Define Erikson's phase for preschoolers | Initiative from success vs. guilt from failure |
| List the characteristics of the grade school child | Rule following, Desire to please, Boy/girl motor development, Pleased with learning new skills, self-esteem from mastery, family romance, concrete fears, finality of death |
| Report on what age the child has the concept of the finality of death | 10 |
| Report on the tasks of the grade school phase | Development of the conscience, friendships, peer groups, cognitive development |
| Report on the functions of play during the grade school years | Build network of friends, mastering activities completes Erikson's industry vs. inferiority |
| Report on the expression of sexuality during the grade school years | Curious, dirty words, secret doctor |
| Report on Erikson's polarities of the grade school years | Industry vs. inferiority |
| Report on the socio-cultural factors that influence adolescence | Dependent upon socioeconomic status, quality of life, technological ability (higher means longer adolescence). |
| List and define the tasks of adolesence | Develop sense of identity, sexual relationships, independence from parents |
| Define Erikson's polarities of adolescence | Identity vs. Role Confusion |
| Report on Kernberg's description of role confusion | Lack of the following indicates role diffusion: guilt and concern, non-exploitive relations, deepening set of values |
| List typical characteristics of early adolescence | Inner tension, bodily changes, fight to gain independence, regressopm. Narcissistic, invincible |
| Report on the functions of peer relatoinships and friendships in adolescence | More influence than family, should have similar values |
| Report on the struggles and accomplishments of sexuality in adolescence | Picking on, narcissistic, dating, shared happiness, premature sex, disrupt parental dynamics |
| What is the superego and at what stage does it become apparent? | The part of the psyche that represents the moral values formed in the individual by family and society, containing the conscience and ego ideal, adolescence |
| Define conscience | An individual's moral standard of right and wrong |
| What are Kohlberg's first two stages of the development of the conscience? | The Pre-conventional stage, precedes adolescence, focuses on morality and self-interest |
| What are Kohlberg's second two stages of the development of the conscience? | Conventional 3) Conformity to society 4) Authority of laws and rules |
| Define Ego ideal | represents a set of ideal standards against which the individual measures his/her worth |
| What are Erikson's polarities of young adulthood? | Intimacy vs. isolation |
| Report on the tasks involved in becoming a parent | Develop to give to child, meet external pressures, resolve internal motives |
| Report on the normal fears and struggles involved in pregnancy, childbirth, early infant care | Normative crisis (questioning adequacy), survival growth theme, supportive matrix, identity reorganization theme |
| Report on the tasks and conflicts around work for the young adult | Long hours, creativity, mentor needed, "elsewhere generation" |
| What are some common relationship problems for young adults? | dependency vs. separateness, sexual adjustment, redefining roles with parent |
| Define the role of friendships and play in young adulthood | Take the place of family, stable support system, play important to relieve stress |
| Report on Lewis' study on happy marriages | Healthy couples: 1) Have fun together 2) Enjoy activities together 3) Affectionate non-/erotically 4) Listen 5) Empathetic 6) Able to explore feelings |
| What are the names and ages of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive (Intellectual) Development? | 0-2 sensorimotor, 2-7 Preoperational, 7-11 Concrete Operations, 11-? Formal Operations |
| What characterizes Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage? | 0-2 years old. Object Permanence! Accommodation, Assimilation, Symbolism. |
| What characterizes Piaget's Concrete Operations stage of development? | 7-11. Reversibility, Sequencing, Categories, Rules, Conservation, Consideration of Others, Cause & Effect reasoning. |
| What characterizes Piaget's Formal Operations stage of development? | Abstract & Deductive Reasoning, Attention to One's Own Thoughts. |
| What are Mahler's Stages of Separation-Individuation & ages (in months)? | Autistic (0-1), Symbiotic (1-5), Differentiation (5-10), Practicing (10-16), Rapprochement (16-24), Consolidation (24-36). |
| What characterizes Mahler's Symbiotic stage of development? | 1-5 months. Social Smile. |
| What characterizes Mahler's Differentiation stage of development? | 5-10 months. Stranger Danger! |
| What characterizes Mahler's Practicing stage of development? | 10-16 months. Separation Anxiety. |
| What characterizes Mahler's Rapprochement stage of development? | 16-24 months. Temper Tantrums. |
| What characterizes Mahler's Consolidation stage of development? | 24-36 months. Object Constancy (= Self-soothing with Mental Representation of Care-Giver), Internalization. |
| What are Erikson's Calamities of Life? | 1) Trust/Mistrust, 2) Autonomy/Shame & Doubt, 3) Initiative/Guilt, 4) Industry/Inferiority, 5) Identity/Role Diffusion, 6) Isolation/Intimacy, 7) Generativity/Stagnation, 8) Ego Integrity/Despair |
| At what age do we experience Trust/Mistrust (Erikson)? | 0-1 years old. |
| At what age do we experience Autonomy/Shame & Doubt? | 1-3 years old. |
| At what age do we experience Initiative/Guilt? | 3-5 years. (Erikson) |
| At what age do we experience Industry/Inferiority? | 6-11 years. (Erikson) |
| At what age do we experience Identity/Role Diffusion? | 11-18 years. (Erikson) |
| At what age do we experience Isolation/Intimacy? | Young Adulthood (Erikson). |
| What is Erikson's stage of the life Cycle experienced with Adulthood, and Maturity? | Generativity/Stagnation (adulthood), Ego Integrity/Despair (maturity) |
| What are Freud's stages of Anxiety (danger situations)? | Disintegration/Annilation (0-1 year; oral stage), Loss of the Object (1; anal), Loss of the Object's Love (2; anal), castration/mutilation (4; phallic), Superego punhishment/guilt (6; latency) |
| What are Freud's stages of psychosexual development? | Oral (0-1), Anal (1-3), Phallic/Oedipal (3-5; penis envy), Latency (6-11; form superego), Genital (11-18) |
| At what age is masturbation normal and what are the key caveats? | Normal 6-11 years. Must have appropriateness of place, don't give guilt trips, should not be excessive, or used to self-soothe problems. |
| At what age are children over-stimulated by household nudity? | 6-11 years. |
| What are things to look out for in sexual play? | 6-11 years. Should be no coercion, harm, participation of older children. |
| What is the difference between school phobia & separation anxiety? | School phobia = aversion of attending school. Separation anxiety = fear of leaving the home or caregiver. |
| When do girls act like TomBoys? | 6-11 years |
| What age is characterized by Reality Fantasy (i.e. "switched @ birth")? | 6-11 years |
| What are Kohlberg's ideas regarding the development of conscience (stage 3)? | CONSCIENCE/MORALITY = CONFORMITY. 1) Requires long-range benefits to self, 2) Predict others' reactions to self, 3) Moral devel follows sequence, but rate varies, 4) Intelligence/popularity/class-> proceed faster & further |
| When are children obsessed with rules? | 6-11 (Kohlberg's conformity) |
| What characterizes Freud's Latency stage? | 6-11. children not as much "buffeted by instinct" |
| According to Kernberg, what are signs of identity diffusion in adolescents? | 1) lack of guilt/concern over aggression/emotion, 2) inability to have non-expoitive realistic relations, 3) shallow undeveloped values |
| When does Menarche occur compared with sperm production? | Menarche: 12 1/2 (10 1/2 - 15 years). Sperm: 14 1/2. |
| What are some characteristics of early adolescents? | 1) embarrassed of parents, 2) rebellious, 3) Narcissistic, 4) invincible, 5) love = sadism, choose date x social implications |
| What are some characteristics of middle adolescents? | 14-16 years. dating, mixed gender friends, dates chosen on personal gain, idealistic romance, boyfriends ~ 2 years older |
| What are some characteristics of late adolescents? | 17 & up. date x shared happiness, same age partners, pregnancy/anorexia/body-dysmorphic disorder, |
| What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development? | Pre-Conventional: 1) Obedience/Punishment. 2) self-interest. Conventional: 3) Good Boy/Nice Girl (conformity), 4) Laws & Rules |
| What is Sullivan's Definition of love? | when other person's satisfaction & security are as important as self's |
| How do men & women define intimacy? | Men: shared experiences. Women: shared feelings. |
| What are Daniel N. Stern's themes of motherhood? | 1) Normative crisis (rapid change, child is now a parent), 2) Survival Growth (mother obsessed w/baby's progression), 3) Support Matrix (mother finds other women for advice), 4) Husband may feel distanced |
| Why are current 20-40 year olds called the Elsewhere Generation? | Always thinking of next move in life, pressure on people w/career & family |
| How does Carol Gilligan clash with Kohlberg? | Kohlberg's stage 4 = laws determine morality. Gilligan = women reach same moral conclusions as men using social relationship justifications instead of societal rules. |
| Report on Erikson's developmental task for middle adulthood | Generativity vs. Stagnation |
| Define the concept of body monitoring | 1) limit cholesterol 2) weight regularly 3) regulate diet 4) exercise more |
| Define the valve of time during the middle age years | Experience of time changes to beig viewed as time left to live as opposed to time since birth |
| What characteristics define middle adulthood? | 1) Generativity (Erikson) concern for next generation. Alternative = stagnation/emotional standstill. 2) Body monitoring, 3) time LEFT to live, 4) peak of career, 5) Introspection |
| What is Colarusso's defintion of a Mid-Life Crisis? | 2 changes: pofessional life & family life |
| What did Levinson posit about the stages of life? | Each epoch ~20-25 years apart: Childhood, Early-, Middle-, Late-Adulthood. Overlapping transitional periods = when problems occur. |
| Report on the changes in relationship with adult children durng the middle adult years | Accepting new people in to your family (spouses of children, grandchildren, etc.). |
| What are Brazelton's guidelines for being a good grandparent? | 1) Diplomatic, 2) Teacher of tradition, 3) Unique relationship, 4) Reunites family for events, 5) Flexible/Helpful |
| Report on the shifting roles at work during the middle adult years | Peak years, mentoring relationship |
| Report on Erikson's dedvelopmental tasks for the final stage of life | Integrity vs. Despair |
| Is it true that aging is a pathological process? | Sick elderly is a social stereotype, Degenerative changes do occur, but not set age at which these changes occur. |
| Is it true that older people have lower IQ's | People score same on tests young and old, need more time |
| What are Characteristics of Late Adulthood? | 60-80 years. 1) don't want to be burden, 2) enjoy leisure & hobbies, 3) physical deterioration, 4) no mental deterioration (need more time), 5) sexual desire but problems + want to please, 6) social withdrawal as friends die |
| What does George Vallaint believe about aging? | Healthy relationships, good marriage @ 50, no smoking/booze, happy marriage, exercise, normal weight, education --> healthy aging |
| What is the link between marriage & health? | unhappy marriage -> 35% increased risk of illness. happy marriage -> live 4 years longer. |
Created by:
micah52
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