final exam chapter 1-27
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| The Study of plants is called | Botany | Strands of living tissue found beneath the epidermis in stems and petioles that are adapted to provide support of young growing organs is called | sclerenchyma
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| An organism that does not have a membrane bound organelles or a nuclear membrane is called | prokaryotic | Cells which are dead at maturity and have thickened, often lignified cell walls are called | collenchyma
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| These green organelles are packed with small disk-like structures called | grana | Conducting tissue which has no cell membranes and in effect is dead is called | xylem
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| The small disk-like structure are attached to a massive membrane called | thylakoid | Conducting tissue which lives and conducts sugars is | pholem
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| The small organelles where the processes of respiration occur are called | mitochondia | Small units within cells that function like small organs | organelles
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| Storage spaces in cells which hold starch, oils or other chemicals in high concentration are called | vacuoles | The name given to plants that grow during one season and then flower during the next growing season, after which they die | biennial
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| Continuous masses of cells in the cortex of stems and roots, in the pith of stems, in leaf mesophyll and in the flesh of fruits is called | parenchyma | Plants have joints where the leaves emerge and these joints are called | nodes
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| The leafless pieces of stem between these are called | internodes | A sheet of growing tissue is called a | cambium
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| The epidermis has small openings which allow gas exchange which are called | stomata | The epidermis has small hair or bristle-like structures called | trichomes
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| Thick roots which extends directly down into the soil and may exceed 50 ft. in length are called | tap roots | The absorptive roots of a plant which spread out in the upper 2 ft. of soil are called | fibrous roots
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| Small extensions of cells which occur near the root tip and help increase surface area of the roots are called | root hairs | Thick roots which originate from above ground plants parts are called | prop roots
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| A strip of impermeable material found in the cell wall of cells in the roots endodermis is called the | casparian strip | A leaf which has more than one part is called a | compound leaf
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| These arrangement of the leaves can be grouped into two categories. When arranged like fingers on a hand, the arrangement is called | palmate leaf | When leaves have a central stalk and small leaflets arise laterally they are called | pinnate leaf
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| The veins on leaves can be situated in one of two manners. Most monocot leaves have veins which are alongside of each other in a | parallel | Most dicot leaves have crisscross veins which are in a | net like (netted)
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| A swollen stem structure that occurs at the base of a stem and contains many compressed leaf-liked structures is called a | bulb | A swollen stem structure that occurs underground and is used for food storage is | tuber
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| Small openings in the bark of trees and the epidermis of apples and pears which allow for gas exchange are called | lenticels | The annual accumulation of secondary growth is evident as ____ which appear due to unfavorable climatic conditions. | growth rings
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| A flower which has both male and female parts is called | perfect | A grouping of flowers on a single plant is called an | inflorescence
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| The mature ovary of a flowering plant is called a | fruit | A mature ovary of a plant in which the seeds are scattered inside of a fleshy body is called a | berry
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| A mature ovary of a plant in which the seed is enclosed in a hardened shell with a fleshy outer layer is a | drupe | Many flowers have become showy and colored in an attempt to entice animals to collect and transmit | pollen
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| The main carbohydrate of energy storage in plants is | starch | The main unit of cell wall construction is the carbohydrate | cellulose
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| Carbohydrates are composed of which of the following elements | oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon | Carbohydrates are made up of units of ___ that are bonded together into long chains that are called___ because they are made of many repeating units | monomers, polymers
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| Triglycerides are made up of one unit of ____ and three units of ___ | glycerol, fatty acid | A fatty acid that has the presence of double bonds between carbons is called | unsaturated
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| Fats which are solid at room temperature are made of ____ fatty acids | saturated | Proteins are made of long sequences of | amino acids
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| Organic molecules that consist of a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogen base and have the function of information storage and retrieval are | nucleic acid | Molecules that are not water loving are called | hydrophobic
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| Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called | osmosis | The process by which the energy stored in a sugar is released is called | respiration
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| If the release of energy stored in a sugar occurs in the absence of oxygen, the resulting products are either ethanol or lactate, and the process is called | fermentation | All of these reactions are catalyzed by proteins called | enzymes
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| The main transporter of energy within the plant is a small molecule made of a nucleotide and phosphorus called | ATP | The green pigment which captures light energy is called | chlorophyll
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| One of the photosynthetic systems which is specialized for desert plants which cannot keep their stomata open during the heat of the day is called | CAM | The first form of carbon fixation that was discovered occurred when CO2 combines with ribulose bis phosphate to form PGA is called | C3
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| The second form of carbon fixation that was discovered occurs when CO2 combines to form malate which is then transported to another part of the leaf is called | C4 | The part of the leaf in which the malate in the previous question is transported to is called the | bundle sheath
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| The word that refers to chemicals made of carbon backbones | organics | The enzyme that begins the process of photosynthesis and is the most abundant enzyme on the face of the earth | Rubisco
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| An organic compound synthesized by the plant and which is trans-located to another part of the plant, where, in uM concentration it elicits a response is called a | hormone | The first of these to be discovered causes meristems to bend and is called | auxin
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| Another of these, the discovered in fungi, cause plant elongation is called | gibberellin | Maturation of fruits and plant organs is promoted by | ethylene
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| Response of a plant to light is called | phototropism | Response of a plant to gravity is called | gravitropism
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| The response of a plant, or any biological organism, to intervals such as 24 hr, 28 day or 14 days is called a | circadian rhythm | The response of a plant to touch is called | thigmonasty
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| An element that is required in amounts less than 100mg/kg dry weight is a | micronutrient | A plant that grows up to a defined height, flowers and dies has___ growth. | determinant
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| A plant which grows, flowers and continues to grow has ____ growth. | indeterminate | Organisms that are capable of manufacturing their own food using light as an outside energy source and elements and inorganic compounds are called | photoautotroph
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| Orangisms that are capable of maufacturing their own food using inorganic chemicals as an outside energy source and elements and inorganic compounds are called | chemoautotroph | Organisms that require an organic carbon source for energy are called | chemoheterotroph
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| Organisms which have the ability to grow in an atmosphere that does not contain oxygen are called | anaerobic | The breakdown of sugar into 3-carbon sugars is called | glycolysis
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| An amino acid which the human body must obtain from diet is called | essential | Soil particles that are large (0.02 to 2 mm) are called | sand
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| The process of dieing in plants or plant tissue is called | senescence | Growing of plants in a soil-less garden is called | hydroponics
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| Rain or irrigation water removes nutrients and other dissolved chemicals from the soil in a process called | leaching | The response of plants to varying day lengths is called | photoperiodism
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| The ability to do work is called | energy | The system which generates ATP and is found in the mitochondrion is called | electron transport chain
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| Growing plants from a single cell in a defined chemical medium is called | tissue culture | Classification of plants into binomial names was popularized by | Linneaus
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| Which of the following characteristics are part of the definition of a species | production of fertile offspring, ability to reproduce sexually, genetic self-compatibility, individuality | On which group or groups of organisms are all other groups dependent | plants
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| What makes the group or groups of organism in the preceding question (plants) so important | thay are autotrophic | Anaerobic bacteria normally grow in an atmosphere that | does not have oxygen
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| Thermoacidophilic bacteria are able to grow at temperature that | are elevated | Cyanobacteria are interesting among bacteria because they have the ability to | Photosynthesize
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| Which nucleic acids can be found in viruses | either DNA or RNA | The external coat of a virus is made of | protein
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| Free living single celled marine organisms which belong to the Protista are called | plankton | The group of plankton which have the ability to capture sunlight and are photoautotrophic are called | phytoplankton
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| Single celled algae which possess a silicia based shell are called | diatoms | The largest members of the algae include the giant seaweeds which grow of the coast of California and are colored | brown
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| A polymer which is harvested from algae and is often used as a thickener in things such as ice cream and culture media is called | agar | The body of a fungus is made up of small thread-like filaments called ___ which in combination is called a ____ | hypae, mycelium
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| The large fruiting body of fungi of the Basidiomycotina is a | mushroom | These fruiting bodies are often edible and have a very high level of available | protein
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| Zygospores, acospores and basidiospores are all formed as a result of | sexual recombination | Associations of fungi with plant roots which result in increased absorption of nutrients for the plants are called | mycorrhizae
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| Associations of fungi with algae which result in free living organisms are called | lichens | Plant anchors, which only hold the plant to the substrate and DO NOT absorb nutrients or water are called either ___ when the plants are algae or __ when the plants are bryophytes | holdfast, rhizoid
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| The name given to plants of the genus Sphagnum which grow in large bogs and are harvested, ground and used to supply organic matter to soil is | peat moss | The major difference between Bryophytes and other lower "plants" such as fungi is that Bryophytes produce an ___ rather than a zygote. | embryo
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| The genetic state of a fungus where 2 haploid nuclei are found per cell is called | dikaryotic | Ferns are of interest because they reproduce by producing ____ on the lower surface of their leaves. | spores
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| The fern leaf as it forms and expands has the shape of a ____ which is often edible. | fiddlehead | Gymnosperms are of interest because they reproduce by means of a naked | embryo
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| The most commons Gymnosperms are trees which are used by man as either ornamentals or for wood and paper pulp and are called | conifers | Cycads are extremely ____ plants dating back to the Carboniferous period. | ancient
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| The Angiosperms are divided into two subgroups based on the presence of one or two | cotyledons |
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| In plants, organelles that are colored green is called | chloroplasts | The storage part of a seed which emerges as a pair in dicotyledonous plants, but remains below the soil surface in monocotyedonous plants are called | cotyledons
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| The organelles in the previous question(chloroplasts) have the function of | photosynthesis | The process in which a seed absorbs water and begins growth is called | germination
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