Essential Cell Biology :From DNA to Protein
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| 1) What is the “central dogma”? | Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
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| 2) Which base is not present in RNA? | T
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| 3) In RNA, which base pairs whit the base A? | U
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| 4) An RNNA molecule can fold into complex three- dimensional shapes because? | it is single stranded.
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| 5) All of the RNA in a cell is made by what process? | Transcription
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| 6) What determines the nucleotide sequence of an RNA strand? | Complementary base pairing with the DNA template during transcription.
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| 7) RNA polymerases join nucleotides through what kind of bond? | Phosphodiester
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| 8) An RNA chain elongates in what direction? | 5’ to 3’
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| 9) What energy drives the transcription reaction forward? | The hydrolysis of high-energy bonds of ribonucleoside triphosphates during elongation
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| 10) RNA polymerase can start an RNA chain without a primer. True or False? | True
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| 11) Compared to the error rate of DNA polymerase, the error of RNA polymerase is? | much greater.
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| 12) Some genes do not encode proteins, but instead encode functional RNA. True or False? | True
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| 13) To begin transcription, RNA polymerase recognizes nucleotide sequences in what region of the DNA? | Promoter region
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| 14) At which site on the DNA of a gene does RNA polymerase release its newly made RNA? | Terminator
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| 15) What is the name of the subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase that recognizes the promoter of a gene? | Sigma factor
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| 16) In eukaryotes, what must assemble at a promoter before RNA polymerase can transcribe a gene? | General transcription factors
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| 17) The assembly of general transcription factors to a eukaryotic promoter begins at what site in a promoter? | The TATA box
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| 18) Bacterial mRNAs? | are transcribed and translated simultaneously.
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| 19) Eukaryotic mRNAs? | are translated after they are exported from the nucleus.
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| 20) Which of the following does not increase the stability of eukaryotic mRNAs? | An intron
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| 21) In bacteria, most protein-coding genes lack introns. True or False? | True
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| 22) Introns are removed by? | RNA splicing in the nucleus.
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| 23) In eukaryotes, which parts of a gene are transcribed into RNA? | Introns and exons
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| 24) Unlike the coding sequence of an exon, most of the nucleotide sequence of an intron is unimportant. True or False? | True
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| 25) What structure is responsible for selecting and transporting only properly processed eukaryotic mRNAs into the cytoplasm? | The nuclear pore complex
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| 26) In a eukaryotic mRNA, the poly-A tail promotes degradation of the molecule. True or False? | False
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| 27) Which of the following is well accepted in the scientific community? | Neither—the evolution of introns is still a topic of debate.
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| 28) Each nucleotide in an mRNA encodes one amino acid in a protein? | False
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| 29) How many nucleotides are necessary to specify a single amino acid? | 3
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| 30) In principle, how many reading frames in RNA can potentially be translated into proteins? | 3
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| 31) What is not true about codons in mRNA molecules? | Some codons code for more than one amino acid.
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| 32) Amino acids are attached to their tRNA molecules by? | aaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
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| 33) An RNA message is decoded by? | ribosomes
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| 34) Within the ribosome, the formation of peptide bonds is catalyzed by? | an RNA molecule in the large ribosomal subunit.
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| 35) What is the term for an RNA molecule that possesses catalytic activity? | Ribozyme
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| 36) At which end of an mRNA molecule do ribosomal subunits first bind? | The 5’ end
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| 37) The translation of an mRNA begins at which start codon? | AUG
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| 38) In eukaryotes, the initiator tRNA always carries which amino acid? | Methionine
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| 39) Which part of a protein is synthesized by a ribosome first? | The N-terminus
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| 40) At what site does the charged initiator tRNA first bind on the ribosome? | P site
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| 41) At what site do all chared tRNAs first bind on the ribosome? | A site
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| 42) Stop codons are not recognized by tRNA. True or False? | False
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| 43) What is a polyribosome? | A cluster of ribosomes translating the same mRNA at different sites along the mRNA
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| 44) How do proteases act? | By hydrolyzing peptide bonds between amino acids in a protein
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| 45) Where in a cell are most damaged proteins broken? | Cytosol
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| 46) Proteasomes act primarily on proteins that have been marked for destruction by the covalent attachment of which small protein? | Ubiquitin
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| 47) Which type of molecule has the potential to perform the catalytic action of reproducing itself? | RNA
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| 48) Which biochemical reaction is catalyzed by a ribozyme? | Peptide bond formation in protein synthesis
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| 49) Which sugar cannot be readily made? | Dioxyribose
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