68WM6-A&P 5
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| chemical neurotransmitter of the PNS | acetylcholine
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| neuron that carries impulses toward the CNS from the PNS; sensory neuron | afferent neuron
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| loss of sensation | anesthesia
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| delicate, weblike membrane covering the brain | arachnoid mater
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| glial cells | astrocytes
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| nerve cell process that conducts impulses away from the cell body | axon
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| norepinephrine and epinephrine | catecholamines
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| fluid that fills the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord and in the cerebral ventricles | cerebrospinal fluid
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| a network of brain capillaries that are involved with the production of cerebrospinal fluid | choroid plexus
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| a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the cell body; branching and tree-like | dendrite
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| skin surface area that is supplied by a single spinal nerve | dermatome
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| outermost layer of the meninges | dura mater
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| neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to the PNS | efferent neuron
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| chemical in CNS that influiences pain perception; natural painkiller | endorphin
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| peptide chemical in CNS that acts as a natural painkiller | enkephalins
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| increased sympathetic impulses allowing the body to deal with any type of stress | fight or flight response
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| a region of gray nervous tissue in the PNS; nicknamed a "junction box" | ganglia
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| a single unmyelinated neuron in the PNS; part of the "junction boxes" of the PNS | ganglion
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| supporting cells of nervous tissue | glia
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| abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid; "water on the brain" | hydrocephalus
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| nerves that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; central or connecting neurons | interneuron
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| a collection of various small regions of the brain that act together to produce emotion and emotional response | limbic system
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| fluid containing membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord | meninges
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| one type of connective tissue found in the brain and spinal cord | microglia
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| transmits nerve impuldes from the brain and spinal cord to musclus and glandular epithlial tissues | motor neuron
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| lipid substance found in the sheath around some nerve fibers | myelin
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| nerve sheath | neurilemma
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| nerve cells, including its processes | neurons
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| chemicals by which neurons communicate | nerotransmitter
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| indentations found between adjacent schwann cells | nodes of ranvier
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| hormone secreted by adrenal medulla; released by sympathetic nervous system; primary nerotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system | norepinephrine
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| a cell that holds nerve fibers together and produces the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS | oligodendrocyte
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| part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord; controls many visceral effectors under normal conditions | parasympathetic nervous system
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| the vascular innermost covering of the brain and spinal cord | pia mater
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| autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses from a ganglion to cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue | postganglionic neuron
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| a neuron situated distal to a synapse | postsynaptic neuron
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| autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses between the spinal cord and a gangion | preganglionic neuron
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| a neuron situated proximal to a synapse | presynaptic neuron
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| peripheral beginning of a sensory neuron's dendrite | receptor
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| the simplest of nerve pathways; nerve impulsed pass through a synapse in the spinal cord which allows reaction before the impulse has traveled to the brain and back | reflex arc
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| a nerve impulse "jumps" from one node of ranvier to the next | saltatory conduction
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| large nucleated cell that forms myelin | schwann cell
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| neuron that transmits impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body | sensory neuron
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| a neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines | serotonin
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| part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; the body's emergency response system | sympathetic nervous system
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| junction between adjacent neurons | synapse
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| the space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron | synaptic cleft
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| a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon that contains vesicles with neurotransmitters | synaptic knob
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| a single nerve pathway made up of several bundles of axons and extending throught the central nervous system | tract
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| the most numerous type of synapse | chemical synapse
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| synapses that occur primarily between smooth muscle cells where quick, uniform enervation is essential; also located in cardiac muscle | electrical synapse
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| the exterior surface of the cerebrum | cerebral cortex
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| the place where most high-level brain functions take place | cerebrum
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| this lobe of the cerebrum plays are parte in impulse control, judgment, language, working memory, motor function, sexual behavior, socialization, spontaneity, and planning cooridinatin, controlling, and executing behavior | frontal lobe
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| this lobe of the cerebram plays and important part in integrating sensory information, knowledge and relationships of numbers, manipulation of objects, and spatial processing. | parietal lobe
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| this lobe contains the centers for hearing, taste, smell, and interprets sounds as words | temporal lobe
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| this lobe processis fisual information | occipital lobe
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| located at the lower back of the brain beneat the occipital lobes; coordinates body movements | cerebellum
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| two rounded masses of gray tissue in the middle of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres; the relay station for incoming sensory signals and outgoing motor signals | thalamus
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| beneath the thalamus; controls eating drinking, temperature regulation, sleep, emotional behavior, and sexual activity | hypothalamus
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| the most primitive part of the brain controlling basic functions of life such as breathing and blood pressure | brain stem
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| three parts of the brain stem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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| the top structure of the brain stem, contains the relay and reflex centers for visual and auditory functions; also for pain, temperature, and touch | midbrain
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| large bundles of nerve fibers connecting the two halves of the cerebellum, man relay station between cerebral cortex and medulla oblongata | pons
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| the stalk-like lowermost portion of the brain stem, transitions into the spinal cord at the foramen magnum | medulla oblongata
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| the two main pathways of the perhipheral nervous system | sensory (afferent), motor (efferent)
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| the two divisions of the PNS | somatic, autonomic
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| this division of the PNS oversees conscious activity | somatic
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| this division of the PNS oversees unconcious activity | autonomic
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| two subsystems of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic, parasympathetic
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| the sympathatic and parasympathetic systems are ________ to each other | antagonistic
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| complete or partial loss of sense of smell | anosmia
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| absence of an eye | anopia
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| thin, watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris | aqueous humor
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| inflammation of the eyelid margins | blepharitis
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| middle, vascular layer of the eye | choroid
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| coiled tube in the inner ear | cochlea
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| inflammation of the conjunctiva | conjunctivitis
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| the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber | cornea
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| a nerve that arises from the underside of the brain or the brainstem | cranial nerve
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| double vision | diplopia
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| the period after stimulation of a nerve during which it cannot be stimulated again | refractory period
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| a nerve impulse travels the full length of an unmyelinated nerve fiber, this type of conduction is | continuous conduction
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| nerve agents bind with __________, preventing it from performing its function of deactivating _____________ | acetlycholinasterase, acetycholine
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| blindness in one half of the visual field | hemianopia
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| colored muscular part of the eye | iris
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| complex system of connecting chambers and tubes of the inner ear | labyrinth
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| tear gland | lacrimal cland
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| tough outer protective layer of the eye | sclera
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| consists of the cranial and spinal nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles | somatic nervous system
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| senses that stem from receptors associated with specialized sensory organs | special senses
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| another name for the "eardrum" | tympanic membrane
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| clear jellylike substance within the eye | vitreous humor
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| this cranial nerver carries sense of smell | I (olfactory)
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| this cranial nerve carries visual signals from the eye to the brain | II (optic)
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| this cranial nerve raises the eyelid, moves the eye, and constricts the pupil | III (oculomotor)
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| this cranial nerve moves the eye downward and away from the midline | IV (trochlear)
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| this cranial nerve carries sensation from parts of the face and eye and moves muscles of mastication | V (trigeminal)
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| this cranial nerve moves the eye away from the midline | VI (abducens)
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| how many symmetrically arranged pairs of spinal nerves? | 31
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| the area between the vertebrae and the dura mater | epidural space
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| this cranial nervestimulates muscles of facial expression and carries taste sensation from the tongue | VII (facial)
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| this cranial nerve carries sensory information for hearing and equilibrium | VIII (vestibulocochlear)
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| this cranial nerve is responsible for the gag reflex and action of swallowing | IX (glossopharyngeal)
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| this cranial nerve is responsible for swallowing and speech, and for control of smooth muscles and glands in the thorax and abdomen | X (vagus)
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| this cranial nerve is responsible for the motion of shrugging | XI (spinal accessory nerve)
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| this cranial nerve controls muscles that move the tongue | XII(hypoglossal)
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| organs of taste | taste buds
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| organs of smell | olfactory organs
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| four primary taste sensations | sweet, sour, salty, bitter
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| the predominant taste sensed by the tip of the tongue | sweet
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| the predominant taste sensed by the margins of the tongue | sour
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| the predominant taste sensed by the back of the tongue | bitter
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| these taste receptors are widely distributed over the tongue | salty
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| yellow brown masses of epithelium located in the upper parts of the nasal cavity | olfactory organs
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| the area for the interpretation of smell | olfactory cortex
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| the area for the interpretation of taste, and what lobe it is located in | gustatory cortex, parietal lobe
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| this part of the ear collects sound waves created by vibrating objects | external ear
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| outer funnel like structure of the ear that gathers the sound waved and directs the waves throught the external auditory canal to the ear drum | auricle (pinna)
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| S shaped tube that leads inward to the temporal bone | external auditory meatus
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| where the middle ear begins and and ends | tympanic membrane, oval window
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| the organ of hearing and where it is located | organ of corti, cochlea
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| this is responsible for static equilibrium | vestibule
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| this is responsible for dynamic equilibrium | semicircular canals
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| the watery, replacable fluid of the eye | aqueous humor
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| the jelly-like, irreplacable fluid of the eye | vitreus humor
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| the "window" of the eye | cornea
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| the white portion of the eye | sclera
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| the colored portion of the eye | iris
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| the opening of the iris through which light passes | pupil
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| flexible, transparent structure that lies directly behind the iris | lens
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| very sensitive to light, allow you to see in dim light, but only general outlines and no color | rods
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| not as sensitive to light, detect color and provide sharpness and clearness to images | cones
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| this vitamin plays and important part in mantaining night vision | vitamin A
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| hormones secreted by the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex | corticoids
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| dwarfism caused by hypo-secretion of the thyroid gland | cretinism
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| a condiation caused by the hyper-secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex | cushing's syndrome
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| a condition resulting from hypo-secretion of ADH where large volumes of hurine are formed | diabetes insipidus
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| the pancreatic islet cells secrete too little insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia | diabetes mellitus
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| secretes into a duct | exocrine
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| secretes into blood or tissue; ductless | endocrine
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| an abnormal protrusion of the eyes | exophthalmos
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| a condition produced by hyper-secretion of GH during the early years of life | gigantism
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| hormones that influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism secreted by the adrenal cortex | glucocorticoids
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| the formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or fat compounds | glucogenesis
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| an enlargement of the thyroid gland | goiter
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| excess growth of hair | hirsutism
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| substances secreted by and endocrine gland and transported in the blood | hormones
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| hormones that influence mineral salt metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex | mineralocorticoids
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| condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults | myxedema
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| set of glands located on the surface of the thyroid gland | parathyroid
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| a group of naturally-occuring fatty acids that affect many bodily functions | prostaglandins
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| organs or cells acted upon by a particular hormone | target cells
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| the masculinization of a female | virilism
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| chemical released from an endocrine gland that affects the function of a target cell | hormone
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| the main regulators of homeostasis in the body | hormones
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| the two classes of hormones | nonsteroid, steroid
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| these hormones have receptor sites on the cell membrane and utilize the second messenger system | nonsteroid
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| these hormones have cell receptor sites on the nucleus of the target cell | steroid
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| most hormones are regulated by __________ feedback | negative
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| biochemical substances that act locally on cells withing a tissue | prostaglandins
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| the secretions of the pituitary gland are regulated by the _________ | hypothalamus
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| two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary | oxytocin, antidiuretic
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| six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary | TSH, ACTH, PRL, growth hormone, LH, FSH
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| Four P's of diabetes | Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Poor weight
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| the secretions of the anterior pituitary are controlled by __________ from the hypothalamus | hormones
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| the secretions of the posterior pituitary are controlled by ___________ from the hypothalamus | nerve responses
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| this hormone of the anterior pituitary controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, and is stimulated by TRH from the hypothalamus | TSH
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| this secretion of the anterior pituitary controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex, and is stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus | ACTH
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| these two secretions of the anterior pituitary are gonadotropins affecting the male and female gonads | FSH and LH
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| this secretion of the anterior pituitary stimulates body cells to grow and replicate | GH
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| this secretion of the anterior pituitary promotes the production of milk following childbirth | PRL
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| this secretion of the posterior pituitary causes the kidneys to conserve water, and is regulated by the amount of water in the fluids as detected by the hypothalamus | ADH
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| this secretion of the posterior pituitary stimulates the contraction of the uterus, and stimulates the release of milk into the breast ducts | Oxytocin
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| ADH and Oxytocin are made in this organ of the endocrine system | hypothalamus
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| the three secretions of the thyroid gland | T3, T4, Calcitonin
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| this secretion of the thyroid decreases blood calcium levels | Calcitonin
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| these secretions of the thyroid gland work together to regulate energy metabolism | T3, T4
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| these glands are found behind the thyroid | parathyroid
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| _________ is the antagonist of calcitonin, and is secreted by the _________ gland | PTH, parathyroid
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| the two parts of the adrenal glands | cortex, medulla
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| this glucocorticoid influences metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat, and is secreted as a response to stress | cortisol
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| this mineralcorticoid causes the kidneys to conserve Na+, and therefore water | aldosterone
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| these two secretions of the adrenal medulla are released as part of the "fight or flight" response | epinephrine, norepinephrine
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| the endocrine portions of the pancreas | islets of langerhans
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| these cells of the islets of langerhans secrete glucagon | alpha cells
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| these cells of the islets of langerhans secrete insulin | beta cells
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| this secretion of the pancreas causes blood sugar to rise | glugagon
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| this secretion of the pancreas causes blood sugar to lower | insulin
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| the two hormones secreted by the ovaries | estrogen, progesterone
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| the hormone secreted by the testes | testosterone
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| this temporary gland produces estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin during pregnancy | placenta
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| this secretion of the thymus plays an important role in the maturation of T lymphocytes | thymosin
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| this gland is sometime referred to as the "third eye" because it responds to changing light levels to regulate sleep patterns | pineal
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| this secretion of the pineal gland helps to regulate the body's clock | melatonin
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| the four mechanisms of endocrine disorders | tumors, glandular hypo/hyper secretion, damaged target cell receptors, target cell insensitivity
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| another name for hyperthyroidism | graves's disease
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| enlarged thyroid gland | goiter
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| stunted growth as a result of hypoactive thyroid | cretinism
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| large size due to hypersecretion of GH during early years | gigantism
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| small size due to hyposecretion of GH during early years | dwarfism
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| enlarged hands, feet, jaws, and cheeks as a result of hypersecretion of GH after normal growth years | acromegaly
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| altered carbohydrate and protein metabolism, along with high levels of Na+ as a result of hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones | cushing's syndrome
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| decreased blood Na+, high K+, dehydration, low glucose, low BP, and increased skin pigmentation as a result of hyposecretion of adrenal corical hormones | addison's disease
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| insulin dependent diabetes is also called | type 1
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| non-insulin dependent diabetes is also called | type 2
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| this type of diabetes mellitus is caused by destruction of beta cells, usually as a result of and autoimmune response | type 1
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| this type of diabetes mellitus is caused by either decreased insulin production, or by a failure of body cells to recognize the insulin produced | type 2
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| this disease is caused by a halt in production of ADH, and can cause a person to urinate up to 25 liters per day | diabetes insipidus
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