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68WM6-A&P 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chemical neurotransmitter of the PNS | acetylcholine |
| neuron that carries impulses toward the CNS from the PNS; sensory neuron | afferent neuron |
| loss of sensation | anesthesia |
| delicate, weblike membrane covering the brain | arachnoid mater |
| glial cells | astrocytes |
| nerve cell process that conducts impulses away from the cell body | axon |
| norepinephrine and epinephrine | catecholamines |
| fluid that fills the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord and in the cerebral ventricles | cerebrospinal fluid |
| a network of brain capillaries that are involved with the production of cerebrospinal fluid | choroid plexus |
| a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the cell body; branching and tree-like | dendrite |
| skin surface area that is supplied by a single spinal nerve | dermatome |
| outermost layer of the meninges | dura mater |
| neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to the PNS | efferent neuron |
| chemical in CNS that influiences pain perception; natural painkiller | endorphin |
| peptide chemical in CNS that acts as a natural painkiller | enkephalins |
| increased sympathetic impulses allowing the body to deal with any type of stress | fight or flight response |
| a region of gray nervous tissue in the PNS; nicknamed a "junction box" | ganglia |
| a single unmyelinated neuron in the PNS; part of the "junction boxes" of the PNS | ganglion |
| supporting cells of nervous tissue | glia |
| abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid; "water on the brain" | hydrocephalus |
| nerves that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; central or connecting neurons | interneuron |
| a collection of various small regions of the brain that act together to produce emotion and emotional response | limbic system |
| fluid containing membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord | meninges |
| one type of connective tissue found in the brain and spinal cord | microglia |
| transmits nerve impuldes from the brain and spinal cord to musclus and glandular epithlial tissues | motor neuron |
| lipid substance found in the sheath around some nerve fibers | myelin |
| nerve sheath | neurilemma |
| nerve cells, including its processes | neurons |
| chemicals by which neurons communicate | nerotransmitter |
| indentations found between adjacent schwann cells | nodes of ranvier |
| hormone secreted by adrenal medulla; released by sympathetic nervous system; primary nerotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system | norepinephrine |
| a cell that holds nerve fibers together and produces the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS | oligodendrocyte |
| part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord; controls many visceral effectors under normal conditions | parasympathetic nervous system |
| the vascular innermost covering of the brain and spinal cord | pia mater |
| autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses from a ganglion to cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue | postganglionic neuron |
| a neuron situated distal to a synapse | postsynaptic neuron |
| autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses between the spinal cord and a gangion | preganglionic neuron |
| a neuron situated proximal to a synapse | presynaptic neuron |
| peripheral beginning of a sensory neuron's dendrite | receptor |
| the simplest of nerve pathways; nerve impulsed pass through a synapse in the spinal cord which allows reaction before the impulse has traveled to the brain and back | reflex arc |
| a nerve impulse "jumps" from one node of ranvier to the next | saltatory conduction |
| large nucleated cell that forms myelin | schwann cell |
| neuron that transmits impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body | sensory neuron |
| a neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines | serotonin |
| part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; the body's emergency response system | sympathetic nervous system |
| junction between adjacent neurons | synapse |
| the space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron | synaptic cleft |
| a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon that contains vesicles with neurotransmitters | synaptic knob |
| a single nerve pathway made up of several bundles of axons and extending throught the central nervous system | tract |
| the most numerous type of synapse | chemical synapse |
| synapses that occur primarily between smooth muscle cells where quick, uniform enervation is essential; also located in cardiac muscle | electrical synapse |
| the exterior surface of the cerebrum | cerebral cortex |
| the place where most high-level brain functions take place | cerebrum |
| this lobe of the cerebrum plays are parte in impulse control, judgment, language, working memory, motor function, sexual behavior, socialization, spontaneity, and planning cooridinatin, controlling, and executing behavior | frontal lobe |
| this lobe of the cerebram plays and important part in integrating sensory information, knowledge and relationships of numbers, manipulation of objects, and spatial processing. | parietal lobe |
| this lobe contains the centers for hearing, taste, smell, and interprets sounds as words | temporal lobe |
| this lobe processis fisual information | occipital lobe |
| located at the lower back of the brain beneat the occipital lobes; coordinates body movements | cerebellum |
| two rounded masses of gray tissue in the middle of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres; the relay station for incoming sensory signals and outgoing motor signals | thalamus |
| beneath the thalamus; controls eating drinking, temperature regulation, sleep, emotional behavior, and sexual activity | hypothalamus |
| the most primitive part of the brain controlling basic functions of life such as breathing and blood pressure | brain stem |
| three parts of the brain stem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| the top structure of the brain stem, contains the relay and reflex centers for visual and auditory functions; also for pain, temperature, and touch | midbrain |
| large bundles of nerve fibers connecting the two halves of the cerebellum, man relay station between cerebral cortex and medulla oblongata | pons |
| the stalk-like lowermost portion of the brain stem, transitions into the spinal cord at the foramen magnum | medulla oblongata |
| the two main pathways of the perhipheral nervous system | sensory (afferent), motor (efferent) |
| the two divisions of the PNS | somatic, autonomic |
| this division of the PNS oversees conscious activity | somatic |
| this division of the PNS oversees unconcious activity | autonomic |
| two subsystems of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic, parasympathetic |
| the sympathatic and parasympathetic systems are ________ to each other | antagonistic |
| complete or partial loss of sense of smell | anosmia |
| absence of an eye | anopia |
| thin, watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris | aqueous humor |
| inflammation of the eyelid margins | blepharitis |
| middle, vascular layer of the eye | choroid |
| coiled tube in the inner ear | cochlea |
| inflammation of the conjunctiva | conjunctivitis |
| the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber | cornea |
| a nerve that arises from the underside of the brain or the brainstem | cranial nerve |
| double vision | diplopia |
| the period after stimulation of a nerve during which it cannot be stimulated again | refractory period |
| a nerve impulse travels the full length of an unmyelinated nerve fiber, this type of conduction is | continuous conduction |
| nerve agents bind with __________, preventing it from performing its function of deactivating _____________ | acetlycholinasterase, acetycholine |
| blindness in one half of the visual field | hemianopia |
| colored muscular part of the eye | iris |
| complex system of connecting chambers and tubes of the inner ear | labyrinth |
| tear gland | lacrimal cland |
| tough outer protective layer of the eye | sclera |
| consists of the cranial and spinal nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles | somatic nervous system |
| senses that stem from receptors associated with specialized sensory organs | special senses |
| another name for the "eardrum" | tympanic membrane |
| clear jellylike substance within the eye | vitreous humor |
| this cranial nerver carries sense of smell | I (olfactory) |
| this cranial nerve carries visual signals from the eye to the brain | II (optic) |
| this cranial nerve raises the eyelid, moves the eye, and constricts the pupil | III (oculomotor) |
| this cranial nerve moves the eye downward and away from the midline | IV (trochlear) |
| this cranial nerve carries sensation from parts of the face and eye and moves muscles of mastication | V (trigeminal) |
| this cranial nerve moves the eye away from the midline | VI (abducens) |
| how many symmetrically arranged pairs of spinal nerves? | 31 |
| the area between the vertebrae and the dura mater | epidural space |
| this cranial nervestimulates muscles of facial expression and carries taste sensation from the tongue | VII (facial) |
| this cranial nerve carries sensory information for hearing and equilibrium | VIII (vestibulocochlear) |
| this cranial nerve is responsible for the gag reflex and action of swallowing | IX (glossopharyngeal) |
| this cranial nerve is responsible for swallowing and speech, and for control of smooth muscles and glands in the thorax and abdomen | X (vagus) |
| this cranial nerve is responsible for the motion of shrugging | XI (spinal accessory nerve) |
| this cranial nerve controls muscles that move the tongue | XII(hypoglossal) |
| organs of taste | taste buds |
| organs of smell | olfactory organs |
| four primary taste sensations | sweet, sour, salty, bitter |
| the predominant taste sensed by the tip of the tongue | sweet |
| the predominant taste sensed by the margins of the tongue | sour |
| the predominant taste sensed by the back of the tongue | bitter |
| these taste receptors are widely distributed over the tongue | salty |
| yellow brown masses of epithelium located in the upper parts of the nasal cavity | olfactory organs |
| the area for the interpretation of smell | olfactory cortex |
| the area for the interpretation of taste, and what lobe it is located in | gustatory cortex, parietal lobe |
| this part of the ear collects sound waves created by vibrating objects | external ear |
| outer funnel like structure of the ear that gathers the sound waved and directs the waves throught the external auditory canal to the ear drum | auricle (pinna) |
| S shaped tube that leads inward to the temporal bone | external auditory meatus |
| where the middle ear begins and and ends | tympanic membrane, oval window |
| the organ of hearing and where it is located | organ of corti, cochlea |
| this is responsible for static equilibrium | vestibule |
| this is responsible for dynamic equilibrium | semicircular canals |
| the watery, replacable fluid of the eye | aqueous humor |
| the jelly-like, irreplacable fluid of the eye | vitreus humor |
| the "window" of the eye | cornea |
| the white portion of the eye | sclera |
| the colored portion of the eye | iris |
| the opening of the iris through which light passes | pupil |
| flexible, transparent structure that lies directly behind the iris | lens |
| very sensitive to light, allow you to see in dim light, but only general outlines and no color | rods |
| not as sensitive to light, detect color and provide sharpness and clearness to images | cones |
| this vitamin plays and important part in mantaining night vision | vitamin A |
| hormones secreted by the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex | corticoids |
| dwarfism caused by hypo-secretion of the thyroid gland | cretinism |
| a condiation caused by the hyper-secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex | cushing's syndrome |
| a condition resulting from hypo-secretion of ADH where large volumes of hurine are formed | diabetes insipidus |
| the pancreatic islet cells secrete too little insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia | diabetes mellitus |
| secretes into a duct | exocrine |
| secretes into blood or tissue; ductless | endocrine |
| an abnormal protrusion of the eyes | exophthalmos |
| a condition produced by hyper-secretion of GH during the early years of life | gigantism |
| hormones that influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism secreted by the adrenal cortex | glucocorticoids |
| the formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or fat compounds | glucogenesis |
| an enlargement of the thyroid gland | goiter |
| excess growth of hair | hirsutism |
| substances secreted by and endocrine gland and transported in the blood | hormones |
| hormones that influence mineral salt metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex | mineralocorticoids |
| condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults | myxedema |
| set of glands located on the surface of the thyroid gland | parathyroid |
| a group of naturally-occuring fatty acids that affect many bodily functions | prostaglandins |
| organs or cells acted upon by a particular hormone | target cells |
| the masculinization of a female | virilism |
| chemical released from an endocrine gland that affects the function of a target cell | hormone |
| the main regulators of homeostasis in the body | hormones |
| the two classes of hormones | nonsteroid, steroid |
| these hormones have receptor sites on the cell membrane and utilize the second messenger system | nonsteroid |
| these hormones have cell receptor sites on the nucleus of the target cell | steroid |
| most hormones are regulated by __________ feedback | negative |
| biochemical substances that act locally on cells withing a tissue | prostaglandins |
| the secretions of the pituitary gland are regulated by the _________ | hypothalamus |
| two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary | oxytocin, antidiuretic |
| six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary | TSH, ACTH, PRL, growth hormone, LH, FSH |
| Four P's of diabetes | Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Poor weight |
| the secretions of the anterior pituitary are controlled by __________ from the hypothalamus | hormones |
| the secretions of the posterior pituitary are controlled by ___________ from the hypothalamus | nerve responses |
| this hormone of the anterior pituitary controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, and is stimulated by TRH from the hypothalamus | TSH |
| this secretion of the anterior pituitary controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex, and is stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus | ACTH |
| these two secretions of the anterior pituitary are gonadotropins affecting the male and female gonads | FSH and LH |
| this secretion of the anterior pituitary stimulates body cells to grow and replicate | GH |
| this secretion of the anterior pituitary promotes the production of milk following childbirth | PRL |
| this secretion of the posterior pituitary causes the kidneys to conserve water, and is regulated by the amount of water in the fluids as detected by the hypothalamus | ADH |
| this secretion of the posterior pituitary stimulates the contraction of the uterus, and stimulates the release of milk into the breast ducts | Oxytocin |
| ADH and Oxytocin are made in this organ of the endocrine system | hypothalamus |
| the three secretions of the thyroid gland | T3, T4, Calcitonin |
| this secretion of the thyroid decreases blood calcium levels | Calcitonin |
| these secretions of the thyroid gland work together to regulate energy metabolism | T3, T4 |
| these glands are found behind the thyroid | parathyroid |
| _________ is the antagonist of calcitonin, and is secreted by the _________ gland | PTH, parathyroid |
| the two parts of the adrenal glands | cortex, medulla |
| this glucocorticoid influences metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat, and is secreted as a response to stress | cortisol |
| this mineralcorticoid causes the kidneys to conserve Na+, and therefore water | aldosterone |
| these two secretions of the adrenal medulla are released as part of the "fight or flight" response | epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| the endocrine portions of the pancreas | islets of langerhans |
| these cells of the islets of langerhans secrete glucagon | alpha cells |
| these cells of the islets of langerhans secrete insulin | beta cells |
| this secretion of the pancreas causes blood sugar to rise | glugagon |
| this secretion of the pancreas causes blood sugar to lower | insulin |
| the two hormones secreted by the ovaries | estrogen, progesterone |
| the hormone secreted by the testes | testosterone |
| this temporary gland produces estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin during pregnancy | placenta |
| this secretion of the thymus plays an important role in the maturation of T lymphocytes | thymosin |
| this gland is sometime referred to as the "third eye" because it responds to changing light levels to regulate sleep patterns | pineal |
| this secretion of the pineal gland helps to regulate the body's clock | melatonin |
| the four mechanisms of endocrine disorders | tumors, glandular hypo/hyper secretion, damaged target cell receptors, target cell insensitivity |
| another name for hyperthyroidism | graves's disease |
| enlarged thyroid gland | goiter |
| stunted growth as a result of hypoactive thyroid | cretinism |
| large size due to hypersecretion of GH during early years | gigantism |
| small size due to hyposecretion of GH during early years | dwarfism |
| enlarged hands, feet, jaws, and cheeks as a result of hypersecretion of GH after normal growth years | acromegaly |
| altered carbohydrate and protein metabolism, along with high levels of Na+ as a result of hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones | cushing's syndrome |
| decreased blood Na+, high K+, dehydration, low glucose, low BP, and increased skin pigmentation as a result of hyposecretion of adrenal corical hormones | addison's disease |
| insulin dependent diabetes is also called | type 1 |
| non-insulin dependent diabetes is also called | type 2 |
| this type of diabetes mellitus is caused by destruction of beta cells, usually as a result of and autoimmune response | type 1 |
| this type of diabetes mellitus is caused by either decreased insulin production, or by a failure of body cells to recognize the insulin produced | type 2 |
| this disease is caused by a halt in production of ADH, and can cause a person to urinate up to 25 liters per day | diabetes insipidus |
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