Growth and Development
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| Many improvements have contributed to longer life and better health. | better sanitation,medication,immunizations,exercise,&improved nutrition
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| Factors of longevity | health, happiness, avoidance of tabacco, job satisfaction
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| Life expectancy | how many years a person will live
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| Based similar characteristics | life expectancy is averaged
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| What was life expectancy in the early 20th century? | 47.3 years
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| What is life expectancy today? | 77 years
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| Females out live males by | 6 years
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| African Am females | outlive white males
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| Household income greater than 25,000 | live 3-7 years longer depending on sex and race
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| Those with incomes less than 10,000 | live less than people with higher incomes
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| Infant mortality rate | # of deaths before 1 year of age.
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| Infancy | birth to 1 yr
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| toddler | 1-3 years
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| Preschool | 3-5 years
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| School age | 6-12 years
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| Adolescence | 13-19 years
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| Early Adulthood | 20-40 years
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| Middle Adulthood | 40-65 years
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| Late Adulthood | 65 years and over
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| tabacco use | causes HTN,hyperlipidemia, DM 2, heart disease, stroke, low self esteem, gallbladder, arthritus, cancer, sleep problems, lung disease, prematurity, spontateous abortion, SIDS, Injuries by fire
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| substance abuse | spouse/child abuse, STDs,
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| Mental Illness | depression(suiside), inability to maintain relationships w/partner, parent, coworker
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| Injury and violence | money spent on medical care, rehab, loss of productivity, wages
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| poor environmental quality | premature births, resp. illness, cancer
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| immunization | disease control, prevention of illness and death
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| Growth | increase in size of the whole or in parts
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| Development | refers to function - gradual process of change from simple to complex
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| Growth occurs | Cephalocaudal
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| Growth and development | cephalocaudal; infant's head is lger than body which will catch up in growth
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| Proximodistal | growth that originates in the center - moves to the outside
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| Infant gains control of the shoulders before control of the hands and fingers | proximodistal
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| growth that occurs from head to toe | cephalocaudal
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| not all organs grow at the same rate and at the same time | EX. ovaries and testees do not grow until puberty
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| Karyotype | same genetic info such as in identical twins
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| Blueprint for traits | Zygote
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| Zygote becomes blastocyst | developing ovum form the time it is fertilizeed until it is implanted in the uterus
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| How many chromosomes does the zygote cntain? | 23 pairs or 46; one from each parent
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| Sex chromosomes | determine whether it is a girl or a boy
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| A Y chromosomes means | it's a boy
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| birth admiralities of chromosomes | Tay-Sachs, sickle-cell, phenylketonuria, spina bifada
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| Teratogen | environmental agent interferring with normal growth and develpment of a fetus
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| EX of teratogens | alcohol, drugs, cigerette smoke
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| Smoking during pregnancy | 5 - 25% of unfavorable outcomes are due to smoking. causes low birth weight
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| Family | Basic unit of society
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| Families consist of | 2 or more untited by marriage, blood, adoption, emotional bonds, social roles
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| Basic family func in the family | protection, nurtuance, education, sustenance, socialization
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| What does the family attempt to do? | meet needs for growth and development/suppport personal fulfillment/building self esteem
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| What is the family to children? | 1st socializing agent for teaching society's expectations and limitations
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| What is the family responsible for? | Formal educaiton, morals, values and ideals
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| Are these roles and functions of families stable? | No, and may not be constant
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| Types of families? | Nuclear,extended,single-parent,blended, cohabitating, homo, apoptive, foster
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| What is a nuclear family? | traditional - mother, father, children
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| single faimily | more than 40% is due to divorce
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| blended/ reconstituted family | step family
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| Blended families | potentially bring stress - adults and children don't trust love
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| Childless and infertile couples are often | lonely and lack fulfillment
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| Family patterns | autocratic, patriarchal, matriarchal, democratic
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| What family pattern is least open to outside influence? | autocratic
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| Autocratic patterns | unequal, one controling with strict rules and high expectations. Abuse highly likely
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| Patriarchal pattern | Male dominated. Func. in work role, decision maker for finance and most other dicisions
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| Matriarchal also called | matrifocal-Female, makes decisions. Common for older adult female in the family to watch children for mother to work
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| What kind of family pattern respects the children recognizes them as equals? | Democratic- and adults share func. of decision making, favors negotiation, compromise, growth
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| When is oppistion or support evident from family or friends? | Engagement stage when a couple are CONSIDERING marriage
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| when is the Establishment stage? | extends from the wedding upto the birth of the first child
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| What is important during the establishment stage? | learning from the single to married-interdependent
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| Success at marriage | satifies Ericson's task of intimacy
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| what stage fills need of love and belonging? | marriage - establishment
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| Expectant stage | conception - pregnancy
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| Surrogacy | when a women bears a child for a fee and gives up parental rights
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| Parenthood stage | begins at birth/adoption-brings about anxiety
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| Disengagement stage | grown child leaves the house for good. Empty nest
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| Senescence Stage | last stage of life.have to cope with alot of chg.
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| Stressors of the family unit | chronic illness, abuse, divorce
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| what affects the families ability to cope with a chronic illness? | financial, family stability, adequacy of the support system
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| Alternative family patterns | are common
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| White infant mortality | twice as low as Af Am infant.
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| Aside from the financial gain | many feel that working mothers create a wider range of valid role models for young children
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| Risk factors for abuse | fin. strain,social isolation, low self-esteem, previous history
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| Common characteristics of abusers | abused themselves, loners, harsh, strict, punitive, unreasonable, immature, lack self control, lack self esteem
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| abuse is | pervasive - spreads throughout
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| How do younger children of divorce feel? | abandoned - no longer loved by both parents
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| Erik Erikson | psychosocial development-Am psychoanalyst
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| Jean Paiget | Swiss-cognitive development
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| Infancy - Birth to 1 yr | Basic trust vs mistrust
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| Toddler - 1 to 3 yr | Autonomy vs shame and doubt
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| Preschool - 4 to 6 | Initiative vs guilt
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| School Age - 7 to 11 yr | Industry vs inferiority
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| Adolescence 12 to 19 | Indentity vs role confusion
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| Young Adult 20 to 44 | Intimacy vs isolation
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| Middle Adult 45 to 65 | Generativity vs Stagnation
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| Late Adult 65+ | Ego integrity vs despair
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| Learn to trust or not that will be provided basic needs, nourishment, sucking, warmth, love | Infancy - basic trust vs mistrust
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| self sufficient in many activities-toileting,feeding,walking,talking,or doubt their abilities | Toddler - Autonomy vs shame/doubt
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| want to do adultlike activities, beyond thier limits/feel guilty about it | Preschool - Initiative vs guilt
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| Children learn to be competent/productive, or feel inferior, & unable to do task well | Schoolage - Industry vs inferiority
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| try to figure out "who am I?" est. sexual, ethnic, career identies, or confused about future | Adolescence - Identity vs role confusion
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| Young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated | Young Adults - Intimacy vs isolation
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| Productive, meaningful work, raising a family or become stagnant and inactive | Middle Adults - Grenerativity vs stagnation
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| Trying to make sense of their lives, life as meaningful or despairing at goals never reached | Late Adult - Ego integrity vs despair
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| The most physical vibrant | 20 - 40
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| Accidents are the leading cause of death | in all age groups
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| Humans have innate capacity | to learn a langauage
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| Infants will not | speak spontaneously
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| Speech requires | Intact physiologic functioning
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| What are some physical sytems to work for speech | resp., speech control in cerebral cortex, articulation and renosance structures mouth and nasal cavities.
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| speech will require | auditory apparatus, intelligence, need to communicate, stimulation
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| Rate of speech for a child | depends on neurologic competence and intelligence
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| All children | go thru same stages in language and speech development
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| 3 months- language stage | babbling
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| 1 year language stage | recognizes words
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| Holo phrases | acquired gen. by 1 year; one word sentences that have a complete message "UP"
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| Early speech | telegraphic speech; omits pronouns, prepositions, conjuntions
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| Early childhood is | crucial for learning laguage
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| Evolution of early speech | # of words in an average response usually corresponds to the chronologic age of the child
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| Girls language develops | more rapidly than boys
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| First born develops | more rapidly than later born
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| Multiple births; twins, etc | develop slower than single births
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| By the time the baby has reached 1 yr of age | birth weight has tripled
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| to prevent bottle mouth | avoid putting milk in the night bottle
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| 2 months | able to hold head up in the prone position
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| 4 months | can hold head up 90 degrees in prone position
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| by the end of the 7th month | can sit up unattended
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| crawling | infants abd. touching the floor 7 months
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| creeping | resting the wt on the hands and knees 9 months
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| Infants needs not met | form mistrust and dissatisfaction
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| Infants learn by | senses or sensorimoter
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| Infants also learn | by exploration and interaction
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| Behavior in the sensorimotor stage | completely reflective
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| schema | an innate knowledge structure that allows a child to mentally organize ways to behave in the immediate environment
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| 1-4 months | follow objects with eyes and ears
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| by 4 months | better at using both eyes together recog. familiar voices;smiling/responding
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| 4-8 months | recognize and immitate; advanced-reach and grab
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| 3 months | respond differently to parents than strangers
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| 8 months | show signs of stress when seperated from the primary care giver
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| 9 months | alarm at the presence of a stranger
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| synchrony | parents/child react together at the same time
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| infants that develop secure early relationship with parents | will have confidence to seek out future relationships
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| 15 - 30 months | feel seperation anxiety when seperated from primary
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| Ultimate health food for babies | breast milk
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| no solide food is needed | before 4-6 months
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| Weighing before and after | feeding, will indicate whether feeding is sucessful
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| S/S of underfeeding | lack of satisfaction,cranky,fussy,little wt gain,persistent wrinkling of skin
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| S/S of overfeeding | vomiting after meals, frequent watery stools
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| Full term babies have enough | stored iron until they start eating solid food.
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| Do not feed for the 1st 6 months | citrus foods, eggs or wheat, peanuts or nuts
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| Potentail choking foods | hotdogs, popcorn, grapes, raisins, chic nuggets
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| infants do not require any | water or juice during the 1st 4 months
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| hot climate, febrile, vomiting, diarrhea | must give infants adequate breast/formula
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| Too much water for an infant | water intoxication, failure to thrive, hyponatremia
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| 9 months | introduce training cup, explore weaning
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| finger foods | allow exploration
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| Newborns/Infants sleep | 18 hours out of 24
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| Normal for newborns/infants | to be restless and make noises during sleep
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| Sleeping @ 3 months | sleep patterns emerge
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| 1 year sleeping | sleep 12 hours @ nite & 1 nap
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| When should sleeping be reported to healthcare? | persistant crying during usual sleep times
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| SIDS Sudden infants death syndrome or Crib death | children die for no apparent reason
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| When does SIDs peak? | 2-3 months
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| How to reduce SIDS | On infants back to sleep, no smoking, no pillows/bedding in bed, rm well ventilated,breastfed if poss.,reg medical ckups
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| Play style/Infancy | Solitary
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| Toddler 1 to 3 years | upright appearance, more proportionate size
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| exaggerated lumbar lorsosis | concave lumbar curve - potbelly appearance
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| 2.5 years | all 20 deciduous teeth are present
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| toddler | T:98/99, B/P:80/100over64, HR:90-120bpm, Resp:20-30 pmin
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| When are children physiologically/psychologically mature enough to potty train? | 18 - 24 months
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| Bowel control | occurs before bladder control which takes longer
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| daytime control for potty training | occurs before nighttime control
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| A child left in diapers too long | will have feelings of self doubt
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| Toddler tries to be independent | but often runs to the caregiver for security/approval
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| Characteristic's of the Erikson's theory of toddler autonomy | use of the word "NO" which gives a sense of self control
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| Toddler's struggle with independency | brings about possessiveness
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| toddler ritulistic/repititive behavior | self consoling behaviors
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| Why would a toddler want to have the same meal at the same time in the same way | rituals decrease anxiety;they like knowing what comes next
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| When healthcare providers follow a toddler's routine? | toddler feels safer and more secure in the strange environment
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| temper tantrums are the result of | frustration
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| Why does the toddler feel frustrated? | combo of wanting their way, inability to communicate, lack of impulse control -best ignored unless dangerous
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| Ericson stressed that young children | do not have the wisdom to know what behaviors are acceptalbe or unacceptable;healthy or unhealthy
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| Discipline | neccessary means of teaching limit setting and impulse control
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| looking for independence, Toddlers seek: | attention, approval and love
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| Period of early childhood | preoperational thought stage
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| A child focusing on the use of langauge as a tool to meet needs | child has the emerging ability to think mentally
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| What holo phrases are often repeated betwn 2-3 yrs | "NO!" and "ME!" meaning let me do it myself
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| Too few solid foods for toddlers | leads to iron deficiency
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| toddlers idiosyncratic eating patterns | need less food per unit of boly weight than during infancy
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| toddler needs | 1 serving of meat, 2 veg, at least 2/3 fruit, grains. 24 onzes MILK
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| Toddler sizes to go by | 1 TBSP of solid food for each year
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| Play improves | muscle coodination, balance and muscle strengh, bone growth
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| Toddler play style | Parrellel play-refers to the need that toddlers have to play alongside but not with their peers
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| Parrellel play is because | Toddlers are unable to share and interact
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| How many deaths are caused by accidents to toddlers? | More that 1/2 toddler deaths are due to accidents(usually car)
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| How much of accidents could be prevented in homes? | About 90% of home accidents
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| Preschool or 3-5 years | Most obvious striking changes in size and shape
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| Most important and least obvious chg in preschoolers | maturation of the nervous system/mastery of motor skills
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| Preschool growth | slow and steady-no more potbelly;less top heavy
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| Preschool wt gain Ht gain | average less than 5 pds a yr 2 to 2.5 in. per yr
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| What is signicant about Preschool ht? | By 4, ht doubles birth ht
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| Preschool gross motor skills | developing nicely, while fine moter skills still to be improved
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| What is scribbling as a preschooler compared to? | The babbling of the infant. Both needed for mastery of communication skills
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| vision in the preschooler | farsighted, but improves to 20/30 by 4
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| Ambyolopia | lazy eye, patch good eye to prevent blindness
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| By age 6 | child loses deciduous teeth
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| Preschooler learns to | funtion indepently then uses imagination. Erikson's intiative vs guilt
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| Preschoolers | create fantasies, imaginary friends but have guilt that their wishes can come true
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| Recognize gender identification; sterotype roles and to show marked interest in sexual difference | preschooler
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| Preschooler uses symbols | to represent objects;see things as black and white, good or bad
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| During the preschool stage | time is seen as weekly or seasonal events
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| Fear is heightened at the preschool age due to | vivid imagination. Typical to be afaid of thunder, lightning, dark, pain, abandoment
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| If the child is not talking by 3, | tests for hearing or speech problems tested
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| High levels of protein, calcium and phospherous | needed for preschooler
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| Wt gain of 20% in preschooler | considered obese-precursor for obesity in adult
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| Sleep required for a preschool | 11 to 12 hours at night
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| Play style for a preschooler | becomes cooperative, share, take turns, interact w/playmates
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| Judgement and awareness is | difficult for the preschooler, safety issues needed.
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| swimming, skating and dancing | activities the preschooler is learning
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| What is important to teach a preschooler | their full names,phone numbers and addresses & how to dile 911.
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| Necessary guidance for the preschooler | alternative ways to express feelings and meet their needs
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| School age growth | gradual and subtle-most obvious is long bones and facial bones
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| What do some school age children complain of because of growth? | growing pains-particully at night
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| School age child 6-12 years | grows 2" and gains 4.5-6.5 pds a year for both boys and girls
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| What is the cause of poor posture in the school ae child? | fatique, emotional states, minor skeletal defects
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| School age children should be reg screened for | scoleosis
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| School age vision and teeth | 20/20 and need reg vision testing; permanent teeth develop
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| School age VS | HR 55-90; Resp.22-24; B/P 110/65
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| What are the challenges facing the school age child? | compromise and competing
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| Erikson says Industry vs inferiority means | after the child realizes he must move on from the family, child gets ready to apply himself for tasks and skills
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| Successful mastery of skills during the school age | Strengthens and stabalizes the child's sense of self
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| As skills are obtained or not obtained | School age children view themselves as competent or incompetent/industrious or inferior
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| Input from the outside . | is a key factor in which direction a child's self-concept will take
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| Between 7-11 | children understand logical principles as long as they are applied to concrete cases
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| School age vocabulary | includes slang and swear words because they like their effect
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| Childhood obesity is largely due to | inactivity
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| childhood diets high in sat fat | leads to high levels of blood cholesterol and earlier occurance of heart disease
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| Inadaquate sleep can cause | fatique, irritability, inattention and poor learning
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| 6 yr old 12 yr old | 12 hrs of sleep 10 hrs of sleep
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| nightmares disrupt sleep | may be due to violence on television, stress amd overtiredness
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| School age chilren like to | collect objects, even hoard and have privacy and a sense of their own space
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| Accidents are the leading cause of death in school age children | but may be causes by impulsivenss, poor judgment, curiosity, incomplete control over muscle coordination
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| what has a powerful influence over a school age child | television
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| What are some ways to reduce aggressiveness caused by TV | a)limit time watching b)screen content c)watch with children and discuss content
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| School violence | anything that physically or psychologically injures schoolchildren or damages property
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| Why has violence increased? | a)increased availability of weapons b) breakdown in communication
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| children need resources | to help them deal with daily stressors
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| Encourage parents to | ask question's about their child's feelings and their school activities on a daily basis
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| When should parents seek professional help? | when children have difficulty talking to parents or answering questions
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| What is a key responsibilty of parents | to be involved and active participants in their child's daily affairs
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| Why do children need to be taught constructive ways to hangle their impulses? | otherwise they are more likely to resort to unacceptable ways of channeling feelings
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| Why would children resort to revenge? | Makes them feel in control and powerful
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| What is the first step to preventing tragedy? | Recognizing the behavioral tendencies that have the potential to lead to violence or other problem behavior
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| Knowing how to hanle a gun is... | not sufficient to protecting the owner's family and others from injury
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| Most important for safety guidelines with children and guns | teach children what to do if they incounter a gun-DON'T TOUCH;REAL OR PLAY- LEAVE THE AREA-REPORT THE GUN
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| Adolescence 12 to 19 | Begins at puberty and includes physical and personality changes-when one can reproduce
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| Primary changes for adolescence include | organ changes in the ovaries, breasts, uterus, testes and penis
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| Secondary changes for adolescence include | pubic and facial hair, voice change, fat deposits
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| Adolescence literally means | to grow into maturity with changes in psychological, social and maturational
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| Growth in adolescence | regarded as the 2nd major growth period
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| Females adolescence grow Male adolescence grow | 2 to 8" & gain 15 to 55 pds 4 to 12" & gain 15 to 65 pds
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| S/S that puberty/adolescence began | females menarch males sperm production
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| Erikson says adolescence is | identity vs role confusion because of the stormy conflicts to find oneself amidst all the pressures one faces
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| When is the search for oneself at crisis proportions, according to Erikson? | adolescence
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| The period of adolescence to | requires major reorganization of personality, resolution of childhood insecurties and adult responsibility
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| In adolescence what is the peer group? | a milieu to learn and test developing interpersonal skills
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| Many adolescence use | comforming behavior to win proais and acceptance by peers
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| Moral levels achieve or | approach adult level in adolescence
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| During adolescence females need Males need | 2600 calories 3600 calories
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| Why must the adolescent diet be alot of protein? | Because of all the growth 12 to 16%
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| What nutrients are most likely to be at risk during the rapid growth of adolescence? | Calcium, iron and zinc. Boys gain more muscle and girls lose during menstral, so they need about the same
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| Why is there frequent sports related accidents in puberty? | growth spurts cause bones to grow quicker than muscles/tendons which are short/tight-not good protection to the bones
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| What would help the pubecent reduce physical injury? | stretching muscles and warming up prior to excersizing
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| Accidents are heightened during the adolescent period | need for driver's ed, water safety, safe sex, drug ed,
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| Mood swings are | common is adolescence
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| Mood swing must be distinquished | as normal or depressive
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| A sign of suicide | extreme sadness to manic state; indicates one's decision to carry out suicide plan
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| untreated depression leads to | suicide
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| what is crucial in dealing with depression? | early detection which leads to higher success rates
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| Early adult 20 40 | taking on finicial responsibility, making career choices, beginning social relationships, entering marriage, becoming a parent
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| Early adulthood is said | the optimal physical condition and function in life;peak performance
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| At age 50 | physicality declines but a such a gradual response, one hardly notices
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| Physical appearance is always effected by | heredity, environment, gen. well being
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| Maximum height reached | females 16-17 yr males 18-20 yr
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| Height is stable | at ages 30-45, then declines because of spinal disks
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| The senses are | at their sharpest during early adulthood esp around age 20
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| Physical S/S 20-40 | Increase in fatty tissue, decrease in muscle strength and stabalization in reaction time
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| Vision and hearing start to | decline around age 40
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| In middle adulthood | cardiac output, VS, organ reserves decline
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| What is some cause of heart deteriozation and cancer | increased cholesterol deposits and decrease in exercise
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| What is recommended for reduction of breast, stomach, and intestine cancers | diet high in fiber, low-cholesterol, and low fat
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| By adulthood men and women | have reached sexual maturity
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