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my ch 9
Growth and Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Many improvements have contributed to longer life and better health. | better sanitation,medication,immunizations,exercise,&improved nutrition |
| Factors of longevity | health, happiness, avoidance of tabacco, job satisfaction |
| Life expectancy | how many years a person will live |
| Based similar characteristics | life expectancy is averaged |
| What was life expectancy in the early 20th century? | 47.3 years |
| What is life expectancy today? | 77 years |
| Females out live males by | 6 years |
| African Am females | outlive white males |
| Household income greater than 25,000 | live 3-7 years longer depending on sex and race |
| Those with incomes less than 10,000 | live less than people with higher incomes |
| Infant mortality rate | # of deaths before 1 year of age. |
| Infancy | birth to 1 yr |
| toddler | 1-3 years |
| Preschool | 3-5 years |
| School age | 6-12 years |
| Adolescence | 13-19 years |
| Early Adulthood | 20-40 years |
| Middle Adulthood | 40-65 years |
| Late Adulthood | 65 years and over |
| tabacco use | causes HTN,hyperlipidemia, DM 2, heart disease, stroke, low self esteem, gallbladder, arthritus, cancer, sleep problems, lung disease, prematurity, spontateous abortion, SIDS, Injuries by fire |
| substance abuse | spouse/child abuse, STDs, |
| Mental Illness | depression(suiside), inability to maintain relationships w/partner, parent, coworker |
| Injury and violence | money spent on medical care, rehab, loss of productivity, wages |
| poor environmental quality | premature births, resp. illness, cancer |
| immunization | disease control, prevention of illness and death |
| Growth | increase in size of the whole or in parts |
| Development | refers to function - gradual process of change from simple to complex |
| Growth occurs | Cephalocaudal |
| Growth and development | cephalocaudal; infant's head is lger than body which will catch up in growth |
| Proximodistal | growth that originates in the center - moves to the outside |
| Infant gains control of the shoulders before control of the hands and fingers | proximodistal |
| growth that occurs from head to toe | cephalocaudal |
| not all organs grow at the same rate and at the same time | EX. ovaries and testees do not grow until puberty |
| Karyotype | same genetic info such as in identical twins |
| Blueprint for traits | Zygote |
| Zygote becomes blastocyst | developing ovum form the time it is fertilizeed until it is implanted in the uterus |
| How many chromosomes does the zygote cntain? | 23 pairs or 46; one from each parent |
| Sex chromosomes | determine whether it is a girl or a boy |
| A Y chromosomes means | it's a boy |
| birth admiralities of chromosomes | Tay-Sachs, sickle-cell, phenylketonuria, spina bifada |
| Teratogen | environmental agent interferring with normal growth and develpment of a fetus |
| EX of teratogens | alcohol, drugs, cigerette smoke |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 5 - 25% of unfavorable outcomes are due to smoking. causes low birth weight |
| Family | Basic unit of society |
| Families consist of | 2 or more untited by marriage, blood, adoption, emotional bonds, social roles |
| Basic family func in the family | protection, nurtuance, education, sustenance, socialization |
| What does the family attempt to do? | meet needs for growth and development/suppport personal fulfillment/building self esteem |
| What is the family to children? | 1st socializing agent for teaching society's expectations and limitations |
| What is the family responsible for? | Formal educaiton, morals, values and ideals |
| Are these roles and functions of families stable? | No, and may not be constant |
| Types of families? | Nuclear,extended,single-parent,blended, cohabitating, homo, apoptive, foster |
| What is a nuclear family? | traditional - mother, father, children |
| single faimily | more than 40% is due to divorce |
| blended/ reconstituted family | step family |
| Blended families | potentially bring stress - adults and children don't trust love |
| Childless and infertile couples are often | lonely and lack fulfillment |
| Family patterns | autocratic, patriarchal, matriarchal, democratic |
| What family pattern is least open to outside influence? | autocratic |
| Autocratic patterns | unequal, one controling with strict rules and high expectations. Abuse highly likely |
| Patriarchal pattern | Male dominated. Func. in work role, decision maker for finance and most other dicisions |
| Matriarchal also called | matrifocal-Female, makes decisions. Common for older adult female in the family to watch children for mother to work |
| What kind of family pattern respects the children recognizes them as equals? | Democratic- and adults share func. of decision making, favors negotiation, compromise, growth |
| When is oppistion or support evident from family or friends? | Engagement stage when a couple are CONSIDERING marriage |
| when is the Establishment stage? | extends from the wedding upto the birth of the first child |
| What is important during the establishment stage? | learning from the single to married-interdependent |
| Success at marriage | satifies Ericson's task of intimacy |
| what stage fills need of love and belonging? | marriage - establishment |
| Expectant stage | conception - pregnancy |
| Surrogacy | when a women bears a child for a fee and gives up parental rights |
| Parenthood stage | begins at birth/adoption-brings about anxiety |
| Disengagement stage | grown child leaves the house for good. Empty nest |
| Senescence Stage | last stage of life.have to cope with alot of chg. |
| Stressors of the family unit | chronic illness, abuse, divorce |
| what affects the families ability to cope with a chronic illness? | financial, family stability, adequacy of the support system |
| Alternative family patterns | are common |
| White infant mortality | twice as low as Af Am infant. |
| Aside from the financial gain | many feel that working mothers create a wider range of valid role models for young children |
| Risk factors for abuse | fin. strain,social isolation, low self-esteem, previous history |
| Common characteristics of abusers | abused themselves, loners, harsh, strict, punitive, unreasonable, immature, lack self control, lack self esteem |
| abuse is | pervasive - spreads throughout |
| How do younger children of divorce feel? | abandoned - no longer loved by both parents |
| Erik Erikson | psychosocial development-Am psychoanalyst |
| Jean Paiget | Swiss-cognitive development |
| Infancy - Birth to 1 yr | Basic trust vs mistrust |
| Toddler - 1 to 3 yr | Autonomy vs shame and doubt |
| Preschool - 4 to 6 | Initiative vs guilt |
| School Age - 7 to 11 yr | Industry vs inferiority |
| Adolescence 12 to 19 | Indentity vs role confusion |
| Young Adult 20 to 44 | Intimacy vs isolation |
| Middle Adult 45 to 65 | Generativity vs Stagnation |
| Late Adult 65+ | Ego integrity vs despair |
| Learn to trust or not that will be provided basic needs, nourishment, sucking, warmth, love | Infancy - basic trust vs mistrust |
| self sufficient in many activities-toileting,feeding,walking,talking,or doubt their abilities | Toddler - Autonomy vs shame/doubt |
| want to do adultlike activities, beyond thier limits/feel guilty about it | Preschool - Initiative vs guilt |
| Children learn to be competent/productive, or feel inferior, & unable to do task well | Schoolage - Industry vs inferiority |
| try to figure out "who am I?" est. sexual, ethnic, career identies, or confused about future | Adolescence - Identity vs role confusion |
| Young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated | Young Adults - Intimacy vs isolation |
| Productive, meaningful work, raising a family or become stagnant and inactive | Middle Adults - Grenerativity vs stagnation |
| Trying to make sense of their lives, life as meaningful or despairing at goals never reached | Late Adult - Ego integrity vs despair |
| The most physical vibrant | 20 - 40 |
| Accidents are the leading cause of death | in all age groups |
| Humans have innate capacity | to learn a langauage |
| Infants will not | speak spontaneously |
| Speech requires | Intact physiologic functioning |
| What are some physical sytems to work for speech | resp., speech control in cerebral cortex, articulation and renosance structures mouth and nasal cavities. |
| speech will require | auditory apparatus, intelligence, need to communicate, stimulation |
| Rate of speech for a child | depends on neurologic competence and intelligence |
| All children | go thru same stages in language and speech development |
| 3 months- language stage | babbling |
| 1 year language stage | recognizes words |
| Holo phrases | acquired gen. by 1 year; one word sentences that have a complete message "UP" |
| Early speech | telegraphic speech; omits pronouns, prepositions, conjuntions |
| Early childhood is | crucial for learning laguage |
| Evolution of early speech | # of words in an average response usually corresponds to the chronologic age of the child |
| Girls language develops | more rapidly than boys |
| First born develops | more rapidly than later born |
| Multiple births; twins, etc | develop slower than single births |
| By the time the baby has reached 1 yr of age | birth weight has tripled |
| to prevent bottle mouth | avoid putting milk in the night bottle |
| 2 months | able to hold head up in the prone position |
| 4 months | can hold head up 90 degrees in prone position |
| by the end of the 7th month | can sit up unattended |
| crawling | infants abd. touching the floor 7 months |
| creeping | resting the wt on the hands and knees 9 months |
| Infants needs not met | form mistrust and dissatisfaction |
| Infants learn by | senses or sensorimoter |
| Infants also learn | by exploration and interaction |
| Behavior in the sensorimotor stage | completely reflective |
| schema | an innate knowledge structure that allows a child to mentally organize ways to behave in the immediate environment |
| 1-4 months | follow objects with eyes and ears |
| by 4 months | better at using both eyes together recog. familiar voices;smiling/responding |
| 4-8 months | recognize and immitate; advanced-reach and grab |
| 3 months | respond differently to parents than strangers |
| 8 months | show signs of stress when seperated from the primary care giver |
| 9 months | alarm at the presence of a stranger |
| synchrony | parents/child react together at the same time |
| infants that develop secure early relationship with parents | will have confidence to seek out future relationships |
| 15 - 30 months | feel seperation anxiety when seperated from primary |
| Ultimate health food for babies | breast milk |
| no solide food is needed | before 4-6 months |
| Weighing before and after | feeding, will indicate whether feeding is sucessful |
| S/S of underfeeding | lack of satisfaction,cranky,fussy,little wt gain,persistent wrinkling of skin |
| S/S of overfeeding | vomiting after meals, frequent watery stools |
| Full term babies have enough | stored iron until they start eating solid food. |
| Do not feed for the 1st 6 months | citrus foods, eggs or wheat, peanuts or nuts |
| Potentail choking foods | hotdogs, popcorn, grapes, raisins, chic nuggets |
| infants do not require any | water or juice during the 1st 4 months |
| hot climate, febrile, vomiting, diarrhea | must give infants adequate breast/formula |
| Too much water for an infant | water intoxication, failure to thrive, hyponatremia |
| 9 months | introduce training cup, explore weaning |
| finger foods | allow exploration |
| Newborns/Infants sleep | 18 hours out of 24 |
| Normal for newborns/infants | to be restless and make noises during sleep |
| Sleeping @ 3 months | sleep patterns emerge |
| 1 year sleeping | sleep 12 hours @ nite & 1 nap |
| When should sleeping be reported to healthcare? | persistant crying during usual sleep times |
| SIDS Sudden infants death syndrome or Crib death | children die for no apparent reason |
| When does SIDs peak? | 2-3 months |
| How to reduce SIDS | On infants back to sleep, no smoking, no pillows/bedding in bed, rm well ventilated,breastfed if poss.,reg medical ckups |
| Play style/Infancy | Solitary |
| Toddler 1 to 3 years | upright appearance, more proportionate size |
| exaggerated lumbar lorsosis | concave lumbar curve - potbelly appearance |
| 2.5 years | all 20 deciduous teeth are present |
| toddler | T:98/99, B/P:80/100over64, HR:90-120bpm, Resp:20-30 pmin |
| When are children physiologically/psychologically mature enough to potty train? | 18 - 24 months |
| Bowel control | occurs before bladder control which takes longer |
| daytime control for potty training | occurs before nighttime control |
| A child left in diapers too long | will have feelings of self doubt |
| Toddler tries to be independent | but often runs to the caregiver for security/approval |
| Characteristic's of the Erikson's theory of toddler autonomy | use of the word "NO" which gives a sense of self control |
| Toddler's struggle with independency | brings about possessiveness |
| toddler ritulistic/repititive behavior | self consoling behaviors |
| Why would a toddler want to have the same meal at the same time in the same way | rituals decrease anxiety;they like knowing what comes next |
| When healthcare providers follow a toddler's routine? | toddler feels safer and more secure in the strange environment |
| temper tantrums are the result of | frustration |
| Why does the toddler feel frustrated? | combo of wanting their way, inability to communicate, lack of impulse control -best ignored unless dangerous |
| Ericson stressed that young children | do not have the wisdom to know what behaviors are acceptalbe or unacceptable;healthy or unhealthy |
| Discipline | neccessary means of teaching limit setting and impulse control |
| looking for independence, Toddlers seek: | attention, approval and love |
| Period of early childhood | preoperational thought stage |
| A child focusing on the use of langauge as a tool to meet needs | child has the emerging ability to think mentally |
| What holo phrases are often repeated betwn 2-3 yrs | "NO!" and "ME!" meaning let me do it myself |
| Too few solid foods for toddlers | leads to iron deficiency |
| toddlers idiosyncratic eating patterns | need less food per unit of boly weight than during infancy |
| toddler needs | 1 serving of meat, 2 veg, at least 2/3 fruit, grains. 24 onzes MILK |
| Toddler sizes to go by | 1 TBSP of solid food for each year |
| Play improves | muscle coodination, balance and muscle strengh, bone growth |
| Toddler play style | Parrellel play-refers to the need that toddlers have to play alongside but not with their peers |
| Parrellel play is because | Toddlers are unable to share and interact |
| How many deaths are caused by accidents to toddlers? | More that 1/2 toddler deaths are due to accidents(usually car) |
| How much of accidents could be prevented in homes? | About 90% of home accidents |
| Preschool or 3-5 years | Most obvious striking changes in size and shape |
| Most important and least obvious chg in preschoolers | maturation of the nervous system/mastery of motor skills |
| Preschool growth | slow and steady-no more potbelly;less top heavy |
| Preschool wt gain Ht gain | average less than 5 pds a yr 2 to 2.5 in. per yr |
| What is signicant about Preschool ht? | By 4, ht doubles birth ht |
| Preschool gross motor skills | developing nicely, while fine moter skills still to be improved |
| What is scribbling as a preschooler compared to? | The babbling of the infant. Both needed for mastery of communication skills |
| vision in the preschooler | farsighted, but improves to 20/30 by 4 |
| Ambyolopia | lazy eye, patch good eye to prevent blindness |
| By age 6 | child loses deciduous teeth |
| Preschooler learns to | funtion indepently then uses imagination. Erikson's intiative vs guilt |
| Preschoolers | create fantasies, imaginary friends but have guilt that their wishes can come true |
| Recognize gender identification; sterotype roles and to show marked interest in sexual difference | preschooler |
| Preschooler uses symbols | to represent objects;see things as black and white, good or bad |
| During the preschool stage | time is seen as weekly or seasonal events |
| Fear is heightened at the preschool age due to | vivid imagination. Typical to be afaid of thunder, lightning, dark, pain, abandoment |
| If the child is not talking by 3, | tests for hearing or speech problems tested |
| High levels of protein, calcium and phospherous | needed for preschooler |
| Wt gain of 20% in preschooler | considered obese-precursor for obesity in adult |
| Sleep required for a preschool | 11 to 12 hours at night |
| Play style for a preschooler | becomes cooperative, share, take turns, interact w/playmates |
| Judgement and awareness is | difficult for the preschooler, safety issues needed. |
| swimming, skating and dancing | activities the preschooler is learning |
| What is important to teach a preschooler | their full names,phone numbers and addresses & how to dile 911. |
| Necessary guidance for the preschooler | alternative ways to express feelings and meet their needs |
| School age growth | gradual and subtle-most obvious is long bones and facial bones |
| What do some school age children complain of because of growth? | growing pains-particully at night |
| School age child 6-12 years | grows 2" and gains 4.5-6.5 pds a year for both boys and girls |
| What is the cause of poor posture in the school ae child? | fatique, emotional states, minor skeletal defects |
| School age children should be reg screened for | scoleosis |
| School age vision and teeth | 20/20 and need reg vision testing; permanent teeth develop |
| School age VS | HR 55-90; Resp.22-24; B/P 110/65 |
| What are the challenges facing the school age child? | compromise and competing |
| Erikson says Industry vs inferiority means | after the child realizes he must move on from the family, child gets ready to apply himself for tasks and skills |
| Successful mastery of skills during the school age | Strengthens and stabalizes the child's sense of self |
| As skills are obtained or not obtained | School age children view themselves as competent or incompetent/industrious or inferior |
| Input from the outside . | is a key factor in which direction a child's self-concept will take |
| Between 7-11 | children understand logical principles as long as they are applied to concrete cases |
| School age vocabulary | includes slang and swear words because they like their effect |
| Childhood obesity is largely due to | inactivity |
| childhood diets high in sat fat | leads to high levels of blood cholesterol and earlier occurance of heart disease |
| Inadaquate sleep can cause | fatique, irritability, inattention and poor learning |
| 6 yr old 12 yr old | 12 hrs of sleep 10 hrs of sleep |
| nightmares disrupt sleep | may be due to violence on television, stress amd overtiredness |
| School age chilren like to | collect objects, even hoard and have privacy and a sense of their own space |
| Accidents are the leading cause of death in school age children | but may be causes by impulsivenss, poor judgment, curiosity, incomplete control over muscle coordination |
| what has a powerful influence over a school age child | television |
| What are some ways to reduce aggressiveness caused by TV | a)limit time watching b)screen content c)watch with children and discuss content |
| School violence | anything that physically or psychologically injures schoolchildren or damages property |
| Why has violence increased? | a)increased availability of weapons b) breakdown in communication |
| children need resources | to help them deal with daily stressors |
| Encourage parents to | ask question's about their child's feelings and their school activities on a daily basis |
| When should parents seek professional help? | when children have difficulty talking to parents or answering questions |
| What is a key responsibilty of parents | to be involved and active participants in their child's daily affairs |
| Why do children need to be taught constructive ways to hangle their impulses? | otherwise they are more likely to resort to unacceptable ways of channeling feelings |
| Why would children resort to revenge? | Makes them feel in control and powerful |
| What is the first step to preventing tragedy? | Recognizing the behavioral tendencies that have the potential to lead to violence or other problem behavior |
| Knowing how to hanle a gun is... | not sufficient to protecting the owner's family and others from injury |
| Most important for safety guidelines with children and guns | teach children what to do if they incounter a gun-DON'T TOUCH;REAL OR PLAY- LEAVE THE AREA-REPORT THE GUN |
| Adolescence 12 to 19 | Begins at puberty and includes physical and personality changes-when one can reproduce |
| Primary changes for adolescence include | organ changes in the ovaries, breasts, uterus, testes and penis |
| Secondary changes for adolescence include | pubic and facial hair, voice change, fat deposits |
| Adolescence literally means | to grow into maturity with changes in psychological, social and maturational |
| Growth in adolescence | regarded as the 2nd major growth period |
| Females adolescence grow Male adolescence grow | 2 to 8" & gain 15 to 55 pds 4 to 12" & gain 15 to 65 pds |
| S/S that puberty/adolescence began | females menarch males sperm production |
| Erikson says adolescence is | identity vs role confusion because of the stormy conflicts to find oneself amidst all the pressures one faces |
| When is the search for oneself at crisis proportions, according to Erikson? | adolescence |
| The period of adolescence to | requires major reorganization of personality, resolution of childhood insecurties and adult responsibility |
| In adolescence what is the peer group? | a milieu to learn and test developing interpersonal skills |
| Many adolescence use | comforming behavior to win proais and acceptance by peers |
| Moral levels achieve or | approach adult level in adolescence |
| During adolescence females need Males need | 2600 calories 3600 calories |
| Why must the adolescent diet be alot of protein? | Because of all the growth 12 to 16% |
| What nutrients are most likely to be at risk during the rapid growth of adolescence? | Calcium, iron and zinc. Boys gain more muscle and girls lose during menstral, so they need about the same |
| Why is there frequent sports related accidents in puberty? | growth spurts cause bones to grow quicker than muscles/tendons which are short/tight-not good protection to the bones |
| What would help the pubecent reduce physical injury? | stretching muscles and warming up prior to excersizing |
| Accidents are heightened during the adolescent period | need for driver's ed, water safety, safe sex, drug ed, |
| Mood swings are | common is adolescence |
| Mood swing must be distinquished | as normal or depressive |
| A sign of suicide | extreme sadness to manic state; indicates one's decision to carry out suicide plan |
| untreated depression leads to | suicide |
| what is crucial in dealing with depression? | early detection which leads to higher success rates |
| Early adult 20 40 | taking on finicial responsibility, making career choices, beginning social relationships, entering marriage, becoming a parent |
| Early adulthood is said | the optimal physical condition and function in life;peak performance |
| At age 50 | physicality declines but a such a gradual response, one hardly notices |
| Physical appearance is always effected by | heredity, environment, gen. well being |
| Maximum height reached | females 16-17 yr males 18-20 yr |
| Height is stable | at ages 30-45, then declines because of spinal disks |
| The senses are | at their sharpest during early adulthood esp around age 20 |
| Physical S/S 20-40 | Increase in fatty tissue, decrease in muscle strength and stabalization in reaction time |
| Vision and hearing start to | decline around age 40 |
| In middle adulthood | cardiac output, VS, organ reserves decline |
| What is some cause of heart deteriozation and cancer | increased cholesterol deposits and decrease in exercise |
| What is recommended for reduction of breast, stomach, and intestine cancers | diet high in fiber, low-cholesterol, and low fat |
| By adulthood men and women | have reached sexual maturity |
Created by:
cally_dawber
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