respiratory and digestive system
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| Microscopic air sac within the lung, where gas exchange thakes place | Alveolus
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| cessation of breathing after expiration | Apnea
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| the bronchi and their branches that carry air from the trachea to the alveoli of the lungs | 'Bronchial Tree
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| a primary branch of the trahea that leads to the lung | Bronchus
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| a small branch of a bronchus within the lung | Bronchioles
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| the utilization of O2 by the cells to produce energy(ATP), CO2 and H2O | Cellular Respiration
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| ring-shaped mass of cartilage at the base of the larynx | Cricoid Cartilage
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| difficult or labored breathing | Dyspnea
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| normal (quiet) breathing | Eupnea
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| exchange of gases between alveoli and blood | External Respiration
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| prolonged rapid and deep breathing | Hyperventilation
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| decrease in respiratory rate, very slow and shallow breathing | Hypoventilation
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| deficiency of O2 in arterial blood | Hypoxemia
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| deficiency of O2 reaching the tissues and cells | Hypoxia
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| hypoxia because of diminished blood flow | Ischemic hypoxia
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| hypoxia because of diminished RBCs and Hemoglobin | Anemic hypoxia
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| exchange og gases between the blood and tissues (or body cells). | Internal Respiration
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| process of mechanically moving air into and out of the lungs | Pulmonary Ventilation
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| the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells | Respiration
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| one inspiration followed by one expiration | Respiratory Cycle
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| the force that adheres moist membranes due to the attraction of water molecules | Surface Tension
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| increased breathing (frequency) but not necessarily and increase in tidal volume | Tachypnea
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| includes nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx | Upper Respiratory Tract
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| includess the larynx, trachea bronchial tree and lungs | Lower Respiratory Tract
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| seperates nasal cavity into left and right halves. Composed of bone and cartilage | Nasal Septum
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| bones that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. Support the mucous membrane which line the cavity and increase the surface area | Nasal Conchae
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| nasal cavity that lines and contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium rich in goblet cells (mucous secreting cells) | Mucous Membrane
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| sepcialized epithelial cells located superiorly in teh nasal cavity. Also called chemoreceptors and stimulated by chemicals dessolved in teh mucus of the nasal passages | Olfactory Receptor Cells
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| air filled spaces located within the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones. Lightens the skull and act as resonance chambers for sound | Paranasal Sinuses
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| (throat) behind oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larynx. Passage for food and air. Divided in 3 parts | Pharynx
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| 3 parts of the pharynx | Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
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| area behind the nasal cavity from the nasal septum to the soft palate that house the pharyngeal tonsils | Nasopharynx
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| area from the soft palate to the hyoid bone responsible for passing food to the stomach and air to the lungs. Houses the palatine and lingual tonsils | Oropharynx
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| area located from the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage | Laryngopharynx
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| provides a connection to the middle ear and permits equalization of pressure between the external and middle ear | Eustachian Tubes
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| known as the voice box. Composed of catilage, muscle and other connective tissues | Larynx
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| Larynx components | Thyroid Cartilage, Cricoid Cartilage, Cricothyroid membrane, Cocal Folds(Cords), Glottis, Epiglottis
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| the utilization of nutrients by living tissue and cells | Assimilation
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| the movement of nutrients into the circulatory system. Molecules of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids and glycerol go from inside the intestines into the circulating fluids of the body | Absorption
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| a mass of food and saliva that is ready to be swallowed | bolus
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| a semi-fluid mixture of food and gastric juice | chyme
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| the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells | digestion
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| the elimination of indigestible substances from teh ingestion-the taking in of food into the mouth, ie. bowel movement | defecation
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| the process of breaking food down into smaller pieces without altering the chemical composition | mechanical digestion
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| the process of breaking food into simpler chemicals | Chemical digestion
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| length of digestive system | 9 meters long (29ft)
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| 2 main groups of digestive system | Alimentary canal, Accessory organs
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| makes up the alimentary canal | Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Sm intestine, Lg intestine, Rectum, Anus
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| makes up the accessory organs | Salivary glands, Teeth and toungue, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
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| Muscular/irregular shaped tube opens at both ends that passes through the body's ventral cavity by carring food by mixing or propelling movements | Alimentary Canal
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| 4 distinct layers of the alimentary canal | mucosa(mucous membrane), Submucosa, Muscular layer(muscularis), serous layer(serosa)
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| this is made up of stratified epithelium tissue, designed for absorption and secretion; it also produces mucous to protect the tissues beneath it. | Mucosa (Mucous Membrane)
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| this is made up of loose connective tissue, glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves that nourish the surrounding tissues and carry away absorbed. Lacteals carry fat from here. | Submucosa
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| a longitudinal and circular layer of muscle that produce movement within the tube. Also known as the thickest layer | Muscular layer
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| the outer covering of the tube. the cells of this layer produce serous fluid which provide moisture and lubrication so the organs within the abdominal cavity slide freely against one another | Serous Layer
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| Rhythmical contractions of the smooth muscles in small segments of the tube. ei, full stomach-waves of muscular contractions | Mixing movements
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| wave-like motion that propels food through the alimentary canal townard the anal sphincter. a ring of muscle contracts and then relaxes; involuntary | Peristalsis
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| these prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity above the mouth when food is swallowed | uvula, soft palate
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| three main parts of the tooth | crown, neck, root
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| three pairs of salivary glands | parotid, submandibular, sublingual
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| two sets of teeth | 20 Deciduaus(6 mo) & 32 Permanent (6 yr)
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| gland that secretes 1 liter per day to moisten food particles, and begins the chemical digestion of carbs | Salivary Glands
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| Two types of secretory cells within the salivary glands | Serous, Mucous
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| cells that secrete amylase which begins the chemical digestion of carbs | Serous Cells
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| cells that secrete mucous which binds the food particles and act as a lubricant during swallowing | Mucous Cells
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| largest of the salivary glads that secretes amylase | Parotid
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| smallest of the slivary glads that secretes mucous | Subligual
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| an opening in the diaphragm | esophageal hiatus
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| prevents stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus | esophageal/cardiac sphincter
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| three areas of the stomach | Fundus, body, pyloric region
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| temporary storage area of the stomach | fundus
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| main part of the stomach that uses rogae to create chyme | body
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| emptying of chyme from stomch and ends with the pyloric sphincter. connects to the duodenum | pyloric region
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| function are to begin the breakdown of proteins and formation of chyme | Stomach
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| contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that function in the digestive system | Gastric secretion/juices
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| types fo secretory cells in teh gastric secretion | goblet, chief, and parietal
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| produces mucous for protection | Goblet cells
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| produces digestive enzyme. Secretes pepsinogen that activates hydrochloric acid (HCI3) and froms pepsin to break down protiens | Chief cells
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| secretes hydrocloric acid(HCI3) to develope the intrinstic factor-helps small intestine absorb Vit B12 | Parietal Cells
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| Has both endocrine and exocrine. Is an accesory organ that contains sodium bicarbonate that neutralizes the hydrochloric acid | Pancreas
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| function involves the secretion of the digestive juice called pancreatic juice | Exocrine
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| function invovles the secretion of insulin | Endocrine
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| Most important digestive juice | Pancreatic Juice
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| produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder and small intestine | Liver
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| duct that the two lobes of the liver are divided into | Hepatic duct
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| is responsible for the emulsification of fate and is stored in the gallbladder | bile
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| stores bile | Gallbladder
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| tubular organ about 6 meters (20ft) long complete digestion fo the nutrients in chyme and transports remaining residues to the Lg intestines | Small intestines
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| three divisions of the Sm intestines | Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
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| shortest and most fixed portion of the sm intestines and connected to the common bile duct and pancreatic duct. Most work of digestion in here! | Duodenum
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| proximal 2/5 of the free, mobile portion of the sm intestines | Jejunum
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| Joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve | Ileum
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| Double layered peritoneal membrane that suspends the small intestines from the posterior abdomin | Mesentery
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| Lymphatic vessel located in the villus | Lacteal
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| 1.5 metter (5ft) long that absorbs water and electrolytes from chyme. Forms and stores feces | Lg intestine
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| First part of the lg intestine that is a pouch-like structure that hangs slightly below the ileocecal opening | Cecum
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| serves as a temporary storage site for undigested material before defecation | Rectum
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| 2 sphincter muscles in the anus | internal, external
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| smooth muscle under involuntary control in anus | Internal anal sphincter
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| skeletal muscle under voluntary control in anus | External anal sphincter
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| an "acidic" solution has a pH less that 7 | Acid
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| Negative charged ions | Anion
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| An alkaline (base) solution has a pH greater that 7 | Base (Alkali)
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| Prevents major changes in pH and acts as a sponge | Buffer systems
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| Positive charged ions | Cation
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| Co2 | Carbon dioxide
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| C3H6o3 | Lactic acid
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| HCO3 | bicarbonate
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| H2CO3 | Carbonic acid
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| defined as balance | Homeostasis
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| H+ | Hydrogen
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| An atom or group of atoms bonded that have lost or gained one or more electrons | ion
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| loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion | Oxidation
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| power of hydrogen | pH
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| gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion | Reduction
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| Normal blood pH range | 7.35-7.45
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| Waste products from Aerobic metabolism | CO2, water
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| makes body more acidic | more hydrogen
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| makes body more alkaline | less hydrogen
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| type of metabolism is quite inefficient and needs no O2. Metablolizes glycogen to pyruvate and lactate | Anaerobic metabolism
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| oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur results | Sulfuric acid
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| breakdown of proteins results | Phosphoric acid
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| 3 ways to balance pH levels | Buffering systems, Lungs, and Kidneys
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| 3 main systems of the buffer system | Sodium Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer, Phosphate buffer, Protein buffer
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| chemical compounds that function in teh body to minimize changes in pH by converting strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases | Buffers
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| Primary buffer system active in ICF and ECF. Known as a Blood buffer | Sodium Bicarbonate buffer
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| only active in ICF (intracellular fluid) | Phosphate buffer
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| Largest buffer store active in ECF and ICF | Protein buffer
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| Measured by PaCO2 (partial pressure CO2) and has a rapid response | Respiratory Regulation
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| Measured by HCO3 and has a slow response | Renal Regulation
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| Primary cause or orgin of acid-base imbalances | Metabolic, Respiratory
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| changes brought about by systemic alteration (cellular level) | Metobolic
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| Changes brought about by respiratory alterations | Respiratory
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| pH falls below 7.35, increase in blood carbonic acid or decrease in bicarbonate | Acidosis
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| pH greater that 7.45, increase in bicarbonate or decrease in carbonic acid | Alkalosis
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| Evaluate metabolic indicators | Bicarbonate (HCO3) 22-26
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| Evaluate respiratory indicators | partial pressure CO2 (PaCO2) 35-45
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