Chapter 14
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| is the study of abnormal behavior | Psychopatholog
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| In ancient times holes were cut in an ill person’s head to let out evil spirits in a process called | trepanning
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| believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body’s four humors. | Hippocrates
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| In the Middle Ages the mentally ill were labeled as | witches
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| can be defined as behavior that is statistically rare or occurs infrequently | Abnormal behavior
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| can be defined as deviant from social norms (doesn’t follow social rules) | Abnormal behavior
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| may causes subjective discomfort. The individual is uncomfortable with their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. | Abnormal behavior
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| may not allow normal, day-to-day functioning due to impairment. may cause a person to be dangerous to self or others. | Abnormal behavior
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| Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes harm to others, or harms their ability to function in daily life is called ________. | Psychological disorder
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| Mental illness does not equate to insane, T or F | True
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| insanity includes the inability to know right from wrong | False
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| models of abnormality may see mental illnesses as caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, also consider possible structural malfunctions out in the nervous system, primarily within the brain. | Biological models
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| assume that abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to surface to consciousness | Psychoanalytic model
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| see abnormal behavior as learned through classical conditioning, reinforcement, punishment or modeling. | Behaviorists
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| see abnormal behavior as coming from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought. | Cognitive theorists
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| Psychoanalytic model, Behaviorists,Cognitive | Biopsychosocial Perspective
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| describes about 250 different psychological disorders | The DSM-IV-TR
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| How many axis or categories in a DSM-IV-TR? | 5
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| The axis focused on clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention. | Axis 1
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| The axis focused on Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation | Axis 2
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| The axis focused on General Medical Conditions | Axis 3
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| The axis focused on Psychosocial and Environmental Problems | Axis 4
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| The axis focused on Global Assessment of Functioning | Axis 5
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| What percent of adults over the age of 18 suffer from a mental disorder. | 22
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| is one of the most common psychological disorders worldwide. | Major depression
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| Intruding thoughts that occur again and again are called ________. Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors are called ________. | obsessions; compulsions
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| dominant symptom is excessive and unrealistic | Anxiety disorders
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| When Fears Get Out of Hand | Phobic Disorders
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| are irrational, persistent fears | Phobias
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| intense fear of social interactions/situation | social phobias
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| intense fear of a specific stimulus | specific phobias
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| fear of leaving home (fear of open spaces) | agoraphobia
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| obsession - recurring thought that creates anxiety | Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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| ritualistic and repetitive behavior that reduces that anxiety caused by the obsessive thought | compulsion
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| is the sudden and recurrent onset of intense panic for no reason, with all the physical symptoms that can occur in sympathetic nervous system arousal | Panic Disorder
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| occur which result from the overactive nervous system | Panic Attacks
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| is a condition of intense and unrealistic anxiety that lasts six months or more | Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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| explanations point to repressed urges and desires that are trying to come into conscious, creating anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior | Psychoanalytical Disorders
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| Behaviorist explain that disordered behavior is learned through both | positive and negative reinforcement.
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| Cognitive psychologists believe that excessive anxiety comes from | illogical, irrational thought processes
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| of anxiety disorders include chemical imbalances in the nervous system, in particular serotonin and GABA systems | Biological explanations
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| may be responsible for anxiety disorders among related persons | Genetic transmission
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| Phobic disorder is | an anxiety disorder
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| disorders that take the form of bodily illnesses and symptoms but for which there are no real physical disorders. | Somatoform disorders
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| disorder in which psychological stress causes a real physical disorder or illness. | Psychosomatic disorder
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| modern term for psychosomatic disorder. | Psychophysiological disorder
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| somatoform disorder in which the person is terrified of being sick and worries constantly, going to doctors repeatedly, and becoming preoccupied with every sensation of the body | Hypochondriasis
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| somatoform disorder in which the person dramatically complains of a specific symptom such as nausea, difficulty swallowing, or pain for which there is no real physical cause | Somatization Disorder
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| somatoform disorder in which the person experiences a specific symptom in the somatic nervous system’s functioning, such as paralysis, numbness, or blindness, for which there is no physical cause | Conversion Disorder
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| Psychoanalytic explanations of somatoform disorders assume that | anxiety is turned into a physical symptom.
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| point to the negative reinforcement experienced when the “ill” person escapes unpleasant situations such as combat. | Behavioral explanations of somatoform disorders
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| assume that people magnify their physical symptoms and normal bodily changes into ailments out of irrational fear. | Cognotive explanations of somatoform disorders
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| involve a break in consciousness, memory, or both. | Dissociative disorders
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| Who Am I and How Did I Get Here? o traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information. | Dissociative Fugue
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| How Many Am I? o disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body. | Dissociative Identity Disorder:
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| point to repression of memories, seeing dissociation as a defense mechanism against anxiety. | Causes of Dissociative Disorders o Psychoanalytic explanations
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| see dissociative disorders as a kind of avoidance learning. | Causes of Dissociative Disorders cognotive, and behavior point of view
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| point to lower than normal activity levels in the areas responsible for body awareness in people with dissociative disorders. * | Causes of Dissociative Disorders, biological point of view
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| in psychology, an emotional reaction | Affect
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| a moderate depression that lasts for two years or more and is typically a reaction to some external stressor. | dysthymia
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| disorder that consists of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two years or more. | cyclothymia
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| has a sudden onset and is extreme sadness and despair, typically with no obvious external cause. | Major Depression
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| Major Depression is the most common of the mood disorders and is twice as common in women as in men. T or F | True
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| having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability. | Manic
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| are severe mood swings from major depressive episodes to manic episodes of extreme elation and energy, with no obvious external cause. | Bipolar
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| see depression as anger at authority figures from childhood turned inward on the self. o | Psychoanalytic theories
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| see depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking. | Cognitive theories
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| explanations of mood disorders look at the function of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine systems in the brain. | Biological
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| are more likely to appear in genetically related people, with higher rates of risk for closer genetic relatives. | Mood disorders
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| is a form of depression that is related to low levels of exposure to light during the winter months. | Seasonal Affect Disorder
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| are false beliefs in which people are convinced that they are powerful enough to save the world. | Delusions of grandeur
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| is a split between thoughts, emotions, and behavior. It is a long-lasting psychotic disorder in which reality and fantasy become confused | Schizophrenia
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| symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking | positive symptoms
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| - false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness. | delusions
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| in which people believe that others are trying to hurt them in some way | delusions of persecution
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| in which people believe that other people, television characters, and even books are specifically talking to them | delusions of reference
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| in which people believe that they are being controlled by external forces, such as the devil, aliens, or cosmic forces; | delusions of influence
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| in which people are convinced that they are powerful people who can save the world or have a special mission. | delusions of grandeur
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| a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions(may or may not be schizophrenia) | delusional disorder
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| false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist. | hallucinations
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| symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production. | Negative symptoms
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| a lack of emotional responsiveness | Flat affect
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| behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered. | disorganized
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| the person experiences periods of statue-like immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement and talking. | catatonic
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| the person suffers from delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations. | paranoid
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| the person shows no particular pattern, shift from one pattern to another, and cannot be neatly classified as disorganized, paranoid, or catatonic. o residual - there are no delusions and hallucinations, but the person still experiences negative thoughts | undifferentiated
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| Drugs used to treat schizophrenia decrease the activity of | Dopamine
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| prefrontal cortex (an area of the brain involved in planning and organization of information) of people with schizophrenia has been shown to produce lower levels of ______ than normal. | Dopamine
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| explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will develop under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress. Genetic predisposition creates physical risk for schizophrenia when suffic | Stress Vulnerability Model
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| see schizophrenia as resulting from a severe breakdown of the ego, which has become overwhelmed by the demands of the id and results in childish, infantile behavio | Psychoanalytic theories
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| on how reinforcement, observational learning, and shaping affect the development of the behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia | Behaviorists focus
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| see schizophrenia as severe irrational thinking | Cognitive theorist
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| explanations focus on dopamine, structural defects in the brain, and genetic influences in schizophrenia | Biological
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| Rates of risk of developing schizophrenia increase drastically a | genetic relatedness increases
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| the highest risk faced by an identical twin whose twin sibling has | schizophrenia.
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| extreme suspicion and often jealous | Paranoid:
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| loners who are cool, distant, and unwilling and unable to form close relationships with others | Schizoid:
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| difficulty forming social relationships due to odd and eccentric behavior and often majical beliefs. | Schizotypal:
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| Type in which a person has no conscience and uses people for personal gain. A rare form is the serial killer. | Antisocial Personality Disorder
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| Type in which a person is clingy, moody, unstable in relationships, and suffers from problems with identity. | Borderline Personality Disorder
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| overreact and excessive emotion to draw attention to themselves and manipulate others | Histrionic
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| vain and self-involved | Narcissistic:
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| fearful of social relationships | Avoidant
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| needy, clingy, hard time making decisions for themselves | Dependent:
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| controlling, focused on neatness and order to an extreme degree | Obsessive-compulsive
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