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Cicarelli Chapter 14
Chapter 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| is the study of abnormal behavior | Psychopatholog |
| In ancient times holes were cut in an ill person’s head to let out evil spirits in a process called | trepanning |
| believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body’s four humors. | Hippocrates |
| In the Middle Ages the mentally ill were labeled as | witches |
| can be defined as behavior that is statistically rare or occurs infrequently | Abnormal behavior |
| can be defined as deviant from social norms (doesn’t follow social rules) | Abnormal behavior |
| may causes subjective discomfort. The individual is uncomfortable with their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. | Abnormal behavior |
| may not allow normal, day-to-day functioning due to impairment. may cause a person to be dangerous to self or others. | Abnormal behavior |
| Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes harm to others, or harms their ability to function in daily life is called ________. | Psychological disorder |
| Mental illness does not equate to insane, T or F | True |
| insanity includes the inability to know right from wrong | False |
| models of abnormality may see mental illnesses as caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, also consider possible structural malfunctions out in the nervous system, primarily within the brain. | Biological models |
| assume that abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to surface to consciousness | Psychoanalytic model |
| see abnormal behavior as learned through classical conditioning, reinforcement, punishment or modeling. | Behaviorists |
| see abnormal behavior as coming from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought. | Cognitive theorists |
| Psychoanalytic model, Behaviorists,Cognitive | Biopsychosocial Perspective |
| describes about 250 different psychological disorders | The DSM-IV-TR |
| How many axis or categories in a DSM-IV-TR? | 5 |
| The axis focused on clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention. | Axis 1 |
| The axis focused on Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation | Axis 2 |
| The axis focused on General Medical Conditions | Axis 3 |
| The axis focused on Psychosocial and Environmental Problems | Axis 4 |
| The axis focused on Global Assessment of Functioning | Axis 5 |
| What percent of adults over the age of 18 suffer from a mental disorder. | 22 |
| is one of the most common psychological disorders worldwide. | Major depression |
| Intruding thoughts that occur again and again are called ________. Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors are called ________. | obsessions; compulsions |
| dominant symptom is excessive and unrealistic | Anxiety disorders |
| When Fears Get Out of Hand | Phobic Disorders |
| are irrational, persistent fears | Phobias |
| intense fear of social interactions/situation | social phobias |
| intense fear of a specific stimulus | specific phobias |
| fear of leaving home (fear of open spaces) | agoraphobia |
| obsession - recurring thought that creates anxiety | Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
| ritualistic and repetitive behavior that reduces that anxiety caused by the obsessive thought | compulsion |
| is the sudden and recurrent onset of intense panic for no reason, with all the physical symptoms that can occur in sympathetic nervous system arousal | Panic Disorder |
| occur which result from the overactive nervous system | Panic Attacks |
| is a condition of intense and unrealistic anxiety that lasts six months or more | Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
| explanations point to repressed urges and desires that are trying to come into conscious, creating anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior | Psychoanalytical Disorders |
| Behaviorist explain that disordered behavior is learned through both | positive and negative reinforcement. |
| Cognitive psychologists believe that excessive anxiety comes from | illogical, irrational thought processes |
| of anxiety disorders include chemical imbalances in the nervous system, in particular serotonin and GABA systems | Biological explanations |
| may be responsible for anxiety disorders among related persons | Genetic transmission |
| Phobic disorder is | an anxiety disorder |
| disorders that take the form of bodily illnesses and symptoms but for which there are no real physical disorders. | Somatoform disorders |
| disorder in which psychological stress causes a real physical disorder or illness. | Psychosomatic disorder |
| modern term for psychosomatic disorder. | Psychophysiological disorder |
| somatoform disorder in which the person is terrified of being sick and worries constantly, going to doctors repeatedly, and becoming preoccupied with every sensation of the body | Hypochondriasis |
| somatoform disorder in which the person dramatically complains of a specific symptom such as nausea, difficulty swallowing, or pain for which there is no real physical cause | Somatization Disorder |
| somatoform disorder in which the person experiences a specific symptom in the somatic nervous system’s functioning, such as paralysis, numbness, or blindness, for which there is no physical cause | Conversion Disorder |
| Psychoanalytic explanations of somatoform disorders assume that | anxiety is turned into a physical symptom. |
| point to the negative reinforcement experienced when the “ill” person escapes unpleasant situations such as combat. | Behavioral explanations of somatoform disorders |
| assume that people magnify their physical symptoms and normal bodily changes into ailments out of irrational fear. | Cognotive explanations of somatoform disorders |
| involve a break in consciousness, memory, or both. | Dissociative disorders |
| Who Am I and How Did I Get Here? o traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information. | Dissociative Fugue |
| How Many Am I? o disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body. | Dissociative Identity Disorder: |
| point to repression of memories, seeing dissociation as a defense mechanism against anxiety. | Causes of Dissociative Disorders o Psychoanalytic explanations |
| see dissociative disorders as a kind of avoidance learning. | Causes of Dissociative Disorders cognotive, and behavior point of view |
| point to lower than normal activity levels in the areas responsible for body awareness in people with dissociative disorders. * | Causes of Dissociative Disorders, biological point of view |
| in psychology, an emotional reaction | Affect |
| a moderate depression that lasts for two years or more and is typically a reaction to some external stressor. | dysthymia |
| disorder that consists of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two years or more. | cyclothymia |
| has a sudden onset and is extreme sadness and despair, typically with no obvious external cause. | Major Depression |
| Major Depression is the most common of the mood disorders and is twice as common in women as in men. T or F | True |
| having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability. | Manic |
| are severe mood swings from major depressive episodes to manic episodes of extreme elation and energy, with no obvious external cause. | Bipolar |
| see depression as anger at authority figures from childhood turned inward on the self. o | Psychoanalytic theories |
| see depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking. | Cognitive theories |
| explanations of mood disorders look at the function of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine systems in the brain. | Biological |
| are more likely to appear in genetically related people, with higher rates of risk for closer genetic relatives. | Mood disorders |
| is a form of depression that is related to low levels of exposure to light during the winter months. | Seasonal Affect Disorder |
| are false beliefs in which people are convinced that they are powerful enough to save the world. | Delusions of grandeur |
| is a split between thoughts, emotions, and behavior. It is a long-lasting psychotic disorder in which reality and fantasy become confused | Schizophrenia |
| symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking | positive symptoms |
| - false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness. | delusions |
| in which people believe that others are trying to hurt them in some way | delusions of persecution |
| in which people believe that other people, television characters, and even books are specifically talking to them | delusions of reference |
| in which people believe that they are being controlled by external forces, such as the devil, aliens, or cosmic forces; | delusions of influence |
| in which people are convinced that they are powerful people who can save the world or have a special mission. | delusions of grandeur |
| a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions(may or may not be schizophrenia) | delusional disorder |
| false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist. | hallucinations |
| symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production. | Negative symptoms |
| a lack of emotional responsiveness | Flat affect |
| behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered. | disorganized |
| the person experiences periods of statue-like immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement and talking. | catatonic |
| the person suffers from delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations. | paranoid |
| the person shows no particular pattern, shift from one pattern to another, and cannot be neatly classified as disorganized, paranoid, or catatonic. o residual - there are no delusions and hallucinations, but the person still experiences negative thoughts | undifferentiated |
| Drugs used to treat schizophrenia decrease the activity of | Dopamine |
| prefrontal cortex (an area of the brain involved in planning and organization of information) of people with schizophrenia has been shown to produce lower levels of ______ than normal. | Dopamine |
| explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will develop under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress. Genetic predisposition creates physical risk for schizophrenia when suffic | Stress Vulnerability Model |
| see schizophrenia as resulting from a severe breakdown of the ego, which has become overwhelmed by the demands of the id and results in childish, infantile behavio | Psychoanalytic theories |
| on how reinforcement, observational learning, and shaping affect the development of the behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia | Behaviorists focus |
| see schizophrenia as severe irrational thinking | Cognitive theorist |
| explanations focus on dopamine, structural defects in the brain, and genetic influences in schizophrenia | Biological |
| Rates of risk of developing schizophrenia increase drastically a | genetic relatedness increases |
| the highest risk faced by an identical twin whose twin sibling has | schizophrenia. |
| extreme suspicion and often jealous | Paranoid: |
| loners who are cool, distant, and unwilling and unable to form close relationships with others | Schizoid: |
| difficulty forming social relationships due to odd and eccentric behavior and often majical beliefs. | Schizotypal: |
| Type in which a person has no conscience and uses people for personal gain. A rare form is the serial killer. | Antisocial Personality Disorder |
| Type in which a person is clingy, moody, unstable in relationships, and suffers from problems with identity. | Borderline Personality Disorder |
| overreact and excessive emotion to draw attention to themselves and manipulate others | Histrionic |
| vain and self-involved | Narcissistic: |
| fearful of social relationships | Avoidant |
| needy, clingy, hard time making decisions for themselves | Dependent: |
| controlling, focused on neatness and order to an extreme degree | Obsessive-compulsive |
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