Blood and Lymphatic/Immune
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| a system of grouping blood based on the presence or absence of two antigens | ABO Blood Groups
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| small plasma proteins that are the primary components of osmotic pressure in the bloodstream | albumin
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| a condition that results from too few erythrocytes or hemoglobin | anemia
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| soluble, globular proteins that directly attack antigens and stimulate changes that prevent the spread of pathogens | antibodies
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| a chemical compound attached to a cell surface which, if not recognized by the lymphatic system, elicits an immune response | antigen
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| an effective hemostatic mechanism that causes blood clots through the use of clotting factors | coagulation
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| the pressure resulting from water moving toward an area of a higher concentration of a solute | colloid osmotic pressure
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| oxygen depleted blood | deoxyhemoglobin
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| conditions that would result in decreased HCT | embolus
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| a hormone that is secreted by the kidney and liver to control rate of erythrocyte production | erythropoietin
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| insoluble threads of protein that form a meshwork at sites of injury and entrap blood cells and platelets, forming blood clots | fibrin
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| a large protein sythesized in the liver that functions in blood coagulation | fibrinogen
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| three types of proteins synthesized in the liver and lymphatic tissue and are important in the transport of lipids and fat soluble vitamins and immunity | globulin
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| the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells | hematocrit
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| oxygen carrying portion of the erythrocyte | hemoglobin
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| the process responsible for stopping blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged | hemostasis
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| oxygen rich blood | oxyhemoglobin
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| blood rich in carbon dioxide | carbaminohemoglobin
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| five types of cells, also known as white blood cells, that protect against disease | leukocytes
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| proteins that combine with lipids to allow transport of lipids through the bloodstream | lipoprotein
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| cell fragments, also known as platelets, that close breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate the formation of blood clots | thrombocytes
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| clear, straw colored liquid portion of whole blood which contains a complex mixture of chemicals | plasma
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| a hormone responsible for initiating the formation of thrombocytes | thrombopoietin
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| a blod clot that abnormally forms in a blood vessel | thrombus
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| the combination of all fluid and components in the blood | whole blood
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| the four functions of blood | transportation (nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, wastes, hormones); maintains stability of interstitial fluid; protects against disease; plugs damaged vessels
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| 7 major components of blood | erythrocytes; leukocytes; platelets; plasma proteins; blood gases; plasma nutrients; cholesterol (HDL/LDL)
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| the 3 steps of hemostasis | vasospasm; platelet plug; coagulation
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| universal donor | Type O
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| universal recipient | Type AB
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| blood in which antigen A is present | Type A
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| blood in which antigen B is present | Type B
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| blood in which antigens A and B are both present | Type AB
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| blood in which antigens A and B are both absent | Type O
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| Blood in which antigen D is present | Rh positive
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| Blood in which antigen D is absent | Rh negative
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| major symptoms of anemia | weakness, fatigue
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| two treatment options for iron deficiency anemia | oral iron supplements, z-track intramuscular iron dextran
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| these cells are formed in the red bone marrow and respond to antigens indirectly through the use of antibodies | B cells
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| cell that remains in reserve in the lymph nodes until its ability to secrete antibodies is needed | memory cell
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| substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it | antigen
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| disease causing agent | pathogen
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| the class of T cells that directly attack invaders | killer cells
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| the class of T cells that notify the B cells of an attack in progress | helper cells
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| these T cells call off the attack when a antigen is eliminated, and also remain in circulation after attack to be able to respond quickly to any subsequent invasion by a similar antigen | memory cells
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| this class of B cells produces antibodies to fight off an infection in progress | plasma cells
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| this class of B cells remain in circulation after an infection with the ability to convert to plasma cells and produce antibodies in case of subsequent invasion | memory cells
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| hemolytic anemia with a genetic basis in which RBC's become misshapen when stressed | sickle cell anemia
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| sickling of RBC's during a crisis leads to obstruction of microvasculature, which can lead to these two complications | organ infarction, necrosis
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| characterized by excessive bone marrow production that at manifests with an increase in circulating erythrocytes, granulocytes and platelets | polycythemia vera
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| type of polycythemia that is caused by hypoxia rather than a defect in the development of RBC's | secondary polycythemia
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| decrease in the number of circulating platelets that leads to bleeding | thrombocytopenia
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| main topic of nursing education for a patient with thrombocytopenia | avoiding injury and hemorrhage
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| hereditary coagulation disorder caused by a genetic deficiency of factor VIII | Hemophilia A
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| hereditary coagulation disorder caused by a genetic deficiency of factor IX | Hemophilia B
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| treatment of hemophilia | blood factor replacement and prevention of injury
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| characterized initially by clotting and secondarily by hemorrhage; usually occurs in patients who are already critically ill | DIC
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| proteins that control blood clotting become over active | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
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| normal pH of blood | 7.35-7.45
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| sodium chloride concentration of blood | 0.9%
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| average adult blood volume | 5-6L
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| functions of blood | trasportation, acid base balance, protection from infection
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| normal RBC levels | male: 4.7-6.1 female: 4.2-5.4 million/mm3
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| conditions that would result in an elevation of RBC lab values | dehydration, polycythemia, high altitude, hypoxia
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| conditions that would result in a decrease of RBC lab values | anemia, leukemia, hemorrhage
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| normal HGB values | male:14-18 female: 12-16 g/dL
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| conditions that would result in an increase in HGB | polycythemia, dehydration, COPD
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| conditions that would result in a decrease in HGB | anemia, hemorrhage
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| normal HCT values | male: 42-52%, female: 37-47%
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| normal ESR levels | male: 0-15 female: 0-20 mm/hr
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| conditions that would result in an increased ESR | tissue destruction, infection
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| normal reticulocyte levels | 0.5-2%
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| conditions that would result in increased reticulocytes | bone marrow hyperactivity, hemorrhage
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| conditions that would result in decreased reticulocytes | hemolytic diseases
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| normal platelet count | 150,000-400,000
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| conditions that would result in increased platelet count | granulocytic leukemia
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| conditions that would result in decreased platelet count | thrombocytopenia; aplastic anemia
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| normal PT | 11-12.5 seconds; >20 is critical
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| normal INR | 0.7-1.8; >3.5 is critical
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| normal PTT | 60-70 seconds; >100 is critical
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| normal bleeding time | 1-9 minutes
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| normal clotting time | 3-9 minutes
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| normal WBC | 5000-10000
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| normal neutrophil levels | 60-70%; 3000-7000 total
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| conditions that would result in increased neutrophils | burns, crush injuries, diabetic acidosis, infections
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| conditions that would result in decreased neutrophils | chemotherapy, radiation, agranulocytosis, dietary deficiency, autoimmune disorders
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| normal eosinophil levels | 1-4%; 50-400 total
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| conditions that would result in increased eosinophil levels | allergic and parasitic disorders
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| the general name for cells that ingest and destroy foreign cells or other harmful substances | phagocytes
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| when in the circulatory system, macrophages are known as _________ | monocytes
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| when outside of the circulatory sytem, monocytes are known as __________ | macrophages
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| normal basophil levels | 0.5-1%; 25-100 total
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| conditions that would result in increased basophil levels | acute leukemia
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| normal lymphocyte levels | 20-40%; 1000-4000 total
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| conditions that would result in increased lymphocyte levels | mono, measles, viruses, hepatitis, lymphocytic leukemia
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| conditions that would result in decreased lymphocyte levels | AIDS, lupus, hodgkins
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| normal monocyte levels | 2-6%; 100-600 total
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| conditions that would result in increased monocytes | chronic inflammatory diseases, recovery phase of bacterial infections
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| normal thrombocyte (platelet) levels | 150000-400000/mm3
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| the liquid part of the blood | plasma
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| three plasma proteins | albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
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| three types of formed elements in the blood | erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
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| red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen | hemoglobin
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| thrombin converts this plasma protein into fibrin | fibrinogen
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| which vitamin stimulates the liver to increase the synthesis of prothrombin, thus improving the body's ability to clot | Vitamin K
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| a condition called ________ can develop if an Rh negative mother has an Rh positive fetus | erythroblastosis fetalis
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| blood plasma without the clotting factors | serum
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| test for pernicious anemia | schilling test
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| most common site for bone marrow biopsy | iliac crest
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| pernicious anemia | a decrease in RBC when the body cant absorb enough vitamin B12
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| effects of pernicious anmeia | fragile cell membranes, demyelinization and degeneration of nerves and white matter
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| signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia | dyspnea, fever, hypoxia, weakness, weight loss, jaundice (lemon yellow), tingling in hands and feet, smooth beefy red tongue
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| what do RBC's look like in pernicioius anemia | large, abnormally shaped
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| treatment of pernicioius anemia | 1000u IM B12 daily for 2 weeks and then monthly for life
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| causes of aplastic anemia | chromosomal abnormalities, viruses, medication, chemicals, radiation, chemotherapy
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| what are the findings on bone marry biopsy with aplastic anemia | hypoplastic or aplastic fatty deposits, "dry tap"
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| treatment of aplastic anemia | bone marrow transplant
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