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68WM6 Ph 2 B&L
Blood and Lymphatic/Immune
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a system of grouping blood based on the presence or absence of two antigens | ABO Blood Groups |
| small plasma proteins that are the primary components of osmotic pressure in the bloodstream | albumin |
| a condition that results from too few erythrocytes or hemoglobin | anemia |
| soluble, globular proteins that directly attack antigens and stimulate changes that prevent the spread of pathogens | antibodies |
| a chemical compound attached to a cell surface which, if not recognized by the lymphatic system, elicits an immune response | antigen |
| an effective hemostatic mechanism that causes blood clots through the use of clotting factors | coagulation |
| the pressure resulting from water moving toward an area of a higher concentration of a solute | colloid osmotic pressure |
| oxygen depleted blood | deoxyhemoglobin |
| conditions that would result in decreased HCT | embolus |
| a hormone that is secreted by the kidney and liver to control rate of erythrocyte production | erythropoietin |
| insoluble threads of protein that form a meshwork at sites of injury and entrap blood cells and platelets, forming blood clots | fibrin |
| a large protein sythesized in the liver that functions in blood coagulation | fibrinogen |
| three types of proteins synthesized in the liver and lymphatic tissue and are important in the transport of lipids and fat soluble vitamins and immunity | globulin |
| the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells | hematocrit |
| oxygen carrying portion of the erythrocyte | hemoglobin |
| the process responsible for stopping blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged | hemostasis |
| oxygen rich blood | oxyhemoglobin |
| blood rich in carbon dioxide | carbaminohemoglobin |
| five types of cells, also known as white blood cells, that protect against disease | leukocytes |
| proteins that combine with lipids to allow transport of lipids through the bloodstream | lipoprotein |
| cell fragments, also known as platelets, that close breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate the formation of blood clots | thrombocytes |
| clear, straw colored liquid portion of whole blood which contains a complex mixture of chemicals | plasma |
| a hormone responsible for initiating the formation of thrombocytes | thrombopoietin |
| a blod clot that abnormally forms in a blood vessel | thrombus |
| the combination of all fluid and components in the blood | whole blood |
| the four functions of blood | transportation (nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, wastes, hormones); maintains stability of interstitial fluid; protects against disease; plugs damaged vessels |
| 7 major components of blood | erythrocytes; leukocytes; platelets; plasma proteins; blood gases; plasma nutrients; cholesterol (HDL/LDL) |
| the 3 steps of hemostasis | vasospasm; platelet plug; coagulation |
| universal donor | Type O |
| universal recipient | Type AB |
| blood in which antigen A is present | Type A |
| blood in which antigen B is present | Type B |
| blood in which antigens A and B are both present | Type AB |
| blood in which antigens A and B are both absent | Type O |
| Blood in which antigen D is present | Rh positive |
| Blood in which antigen D is absent | Rh negative |
| major symptoms of anemia | weakness, fatigue |
| two treatment options for iron deficiency anemia | oral iron supplements, z-track intramuscular iron dextran |
| these cells are formed in the red bone marrow and respond to antigens indirectly through the use of antibodies | B cells |
| cell that remains in reserve in the lymph nodes until its ability to secrete antibodies is needed | memory cell |
| substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it | antigen |
| disease causing agent | pathogen |
| the class of T cells that directly attack invaders | killer cells |
| the class of T cells that notify the B cells of an attack in progress | helper cells |
| these T cells call off the attack when a antigen is eliminated, and also remain in circulation after attack to be able to respond quickly to any subsequent invasion by a similar antigen | memory cells |
| this class of B cells produces antibodies to fight off an infection in progress | plasma cells |
| this class of B cells remain in circulation after an infection with the ability to convert to plasma cells and produce antibodies in case of subsequent invasion | memory cells |
| hemolytic anemia with a genetic basis in which RBC's become misshapen when stressed | sickle cell anemia |
| sickling of RBC's during a crisis leads to obstruction of microvasculature, which can lead to these two complications | organ infarction, necrosis |
| characterized by excessive bone marrow production that at manifests with an increase in circulating erythrocytes, granulocytes and platelets | polycythemia vera |
| type of polycythemia that is caused by hypoxia rather than a defect in the development of RBC's | secondary polycythemia |
| decrease in the number of circulating platelets that leads to bleeding | thrombocytopenia |
| main topic of nursing education for a patient with thrombocytopenia | avoiding injury and hemorrhage |
| hereditary coagulation disorder caused by a genetic deficiency of factor VIII | Hemophilia A |
| hereditary coagulation disorder caused by a genetic deficiency of factor IX | Hemophilia B |
| treatment of hemophilia | blood factor replacement and prevention of injury |
| characterized initially by clotting and secondarily by hemorrhage; usually occurs in patients who are already critically ill | DIC |
| proteins that control blood clotting become over active | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
| normal pH of blood | 7.35-7.45 |
| sodium chloride concentration of blood | 0.9% |
| average adult blood volume | 5-6L |
| functions of blood | trasportation, acid base balance, protection from infection |
| normal RBC levels | male: 4.7-6.1 female: 4.2-5.4 million/mm3 |
| conditions that would result in an elevation of RBC lab values | dehydration, polycythemia, high altitude, hypoxia |
| conditions that would result in a decrease of RBC lab values | anemia, leukemia, hemorrhage |
| normal HGB values | male:14-18 female: 12-16 g/dL |
| conditions that would result in an increase in HGB | polycythemia, dehydration, COPD |
| conditions that would result in a decrease in HGB | anemia, hemorrhage |
| normal HCT values | male: 42-52%, female: 37-47% |
| normal ESR levels | male: 0-15 female: 0-20 mm/hr |
| conditions that would result in an increased ESR | tissue destruction, infection |
| normal reticulocyte levels | 0.5-2% |
| conditions that would result in increased reticulocytes | bone marrow hyperactivity, hemorrhage |
| conditions that would result in decreased reticulocytes | hemolytic diseases |
| normal platelet count | 150,000-400,000 |
| conditions that would result in increased platelet count | granulocytic leukemia |
| conditions that would result in decreased platelet count | thrombocytopenia; aplastic anemia |
| normal PT | 11-12.5 seconds; >20 is critical |
| normal INR | 0.7-1.8; >3.5 is critical |
| normal PTT | 60-70 seconds; >100 is critical |
| normal bleeding time | 1-9 minutes |
| normal clotting time | 3-9 minutes |
| normal WBC | 5000-10000 |
| normal neutrophil levels | 60-70%; 3000-7000 total |
| conditions that would result in increased neutrophils | burns, crush injuries, diabetic acidosis, infections |
| conditions that would result in decreased neutrophils | chemotherapy, radiation, agranulocytosis, dietary deficiency, autoimmune disorders |
| normal eosinophil levels | 1-4%; 50-400 total |
| conditions that would result in increased eosinophil levels | allergic and parasitic disorders |
| the general name for cells that ingest and destroy foreign cells or other harmful substances | phagocytes |
| when in the circulatory system, macrophages are known as _________ | monocytes |
| when outside of the circulatory sytem, monocytes are known as __________ | macrophages |
| normal basophil levels | 0.5-1%; 25-100 total |
| conditions that would result in increased basophil levels | acute leukemia |
| normal lymphocyte levels | 20-40%; 1000-4000 total |
| conditions that would result in increased lymphocyte levels | mono, measles, viruses, hepatitis, lymphocytic leukemia |
| conditions that would result in decreased lymphocyte levels | AIDS, lupus, hodgkins |
| normal monocyte levels | 2-6%; 100-600 total |
| conditions that would result in increased monocytes | chronic inflammatory diseases, recovery phase of bacterial infections |
| normal thrombocyte (platelet) levels | 150000-400000/mm3 |
| the liquid part of the blood | plasma |
| three plasma proteins | albumin, globulin, fibrinogen |
| three types of formed elements in the blood | erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets |
| red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen | hemoglobin |
| thrombin converts this plasma protein into fibrin | fibrinogen |
| which vitamin stimulates the liver to increase the synthesis of prothrombin, thus improving the body's ability to clot | Vitamin K |
| a condition called ________ can develop if an Rh negative mother has an Rh positive fetus | erythroblastosis fetalis |
| blood plasma without the clotting factors | serum |
| test for pernicious anemia | schilling test |
| most common site for bone marrow biopsy | iliac crest |
| pernicious anemia | a decrease in RBC when the body cant absorb enough vitamin B12 |
| effects of pernicious anmeia | fragile cell membranes, demyelinization and degeneration of nerves and white matter |
| signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia | dyspnea, fever, hypoxia, weakness, weight loss, jaundice (lemon yellow), tingling in hands and feet, smooth beefy red tongue |
| what do RBC's look like in pernicioius anemia | large, abnormally shaped |
| treatment of pernicioius anemia | 1000u IM B12 daily for 2 weeks and then monthly for life |
| causes of aplastic anemia | chromosomal abnormalities, viruses, medication, chemicals, radiation, chemotherapy |
| what are the findings on bone marry biopsy with aplastic anemia | hypoplastic or aplastic fatty deposits, "dry tap" |
| treatment of aplastic anemia | bone marrow transplant |
Created by:
ewoff85
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