growth and development
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| Preschool average growth in length & rates | slow & steady, Average wt. gain <5 lbs/yr. height of 4 y/o is double birth length.Linear growth is bout 2-2.5 inches/yr
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| Erikson's Psychological development tasks from Prsechool | 4-6 y/o, intitiative vs. guilt, children want to undertake many adultlike activities, sometimes going beyond the limits set by parent & feeling guilty bcuz of it.
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| Erikson's Psychological development tasks from School age. | 7-11 y/o, industry vs. inferiority,children eargerly learn to be competent & productive or feel inferior & unable to do any task well
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| Erikson's Psychological development tasks from Adolescence | 12-19 y/o, identity vs. role confusion, try to figure out "who am I?" They establish sexua, ethnic, & career identities or are confused about what future roles to play.
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| Erikson's Psychological development tasks from Young adulthood | 20-44 y/o, intimacy vs. isolation, seek companionship & love w/another person or become isolated from others.
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| Piaget's Cognitive from Preschool- Preoperational thought: 2-6 yrs | Develops egocentric thinking(understands world 4m only 1 perspective-that of self),uses trial & error 2 discover new traits/characteristics,conceptualizes time n present terms only,uses symbols 2 represent objects,develops more logical,intuitive thinkn
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| Piaget's Cognitive from School age: concrete operational 7-11 yrs | understands & applies logical operations/principles 2 hlp interpret specific exp. or perceptions, has more realisticviews;better understands other viewpoints, improves use of memory, focuses on more than one task;develops logical,socialized thoughts
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| Piaget's Cognitive from School age: concrete operational 7-11 yrs cont'd | recognizes cause & effect relationships, learns to identify behavio outcome,understands basic ideas of conversation,number classification,& other concrete ideas
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| Piaget's Cognitive from adolescence: Formal operational thought 12+ yrs | uses a systematic,scientific problem-solving approach,recognizes past,present, & future,is able to think about abstractions &hypothetic concepts & is able to move in thought "4m real to the possible"
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| Piaget's Cognitive from adolescence: formal operational thought 12+ yrs cont'd | becomes more interested in ethics, politics, and all social and moral issures as ability to take a broader and more theoretic approach to experience increases
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| Safety issues for preschool | Use proper equipment that fits the child,Never leave children alone in pools of water. Teach children not to touch or go near pool drains.Inspect protective equipment(helmets etc.),use protective sunscreen.
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| Safety issues for school age | Secure weapons in homes, develop a 0 tolerance program w/school officials.Wrk w/parent-teacher association to make schools safe,determine w/schoolofficials in emergency &security plan,manintain open lines of communication between child/parent/school
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| Safety issues for adolescence | use safety helmets,properly fitting equipment,play on properly maintained surfaces,perform warm-up exercises before sports practice,avoid overuse,insiston adequate supervision,obtain proper training,treat existing injuries & prevent injury
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| Dietary for preschool | high levels of protein-body systems & muscles still growing;Ca & Phosphorus-high mineralization of their teeth & bones;wt. increased of 20% or more indication of obesity
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| Dietary for early adulthood | fewer calories than adolescence bcuz adult has completed biophysical growth:calories needed based on age,sex,size
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| Dietary for adolescence 12-19 | @peak growth fem.=cal.2600/day;males=3600 calories/day;12%-16% protein;dificient i Ca+=skeletal growth,Iron=muscle & blood,zinc=generation of both skeletal & muscle tissue
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| Dietary for School Age | child who prefers athletics over fine motor skills needs more calories.Diets high in saturated fats increase a childs risk for high cholesterol as well as earlier occurrence of heart disease unless steps are taken to lower these levels
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| Purpose of discipline for preschool | remember listen to child,define acceptable as opposed to unaceptable behaviors,set limits,praise & reinforce,be consistent,clean slate,recognize escalating emotions & intervene,suggest "timeout",choose punishment that fits,stay calm,avoid putdowns,
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| Purpose of discipline for preschool cont'd | necessary guidance includes offering alternative ways of expressing feelings & meeting needs, as important to a child as love & security
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| Purpose of discipline for School age | verbal expression of threatening behavior or revenge,problems getting along w/peers,difficulty accepting authority & resistance to direction,outbursts of uncontrolled behavior,preoccupied w/weapons,bullying tendencies,frequent victimizing or teasing
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| Purpose of discipline for School age cont'd | Socially isolated, poor school performance,violence to animals
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| Purpose of discipline for Adolescence | recognizes ind.,accepts stregths & weaknesses,develops own value system,assumes responsibility 4 own behavior,develops philosophy of life,adapts 2 somatic changes (body),acquires skills necessary 4 adult livn,refines social livn,develops ind. livn skills
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| Leading cause of death Preschool-adolescence | Preschool-Drowning School age-Accidents adolescence-MVA
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| Average sleep for preschool | 11-12
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| Average sleep for school age | 6 y/o need about 12 hours of sleep, 12 y/o needs about 10 hours of sleep
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| Average sleep for adulthood | 7-9 hours
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| Physical characterists preschool (3-5) | maturation of the nervous system,mastery of motor skills (least obvious), changes in size & shape (most obvious),vision farsighted,growth slow & steady
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| Physical characteristics school-age (6-12) | Posture str8r check for scoliosis,growth pattern gradual & subtle, long bone of the extremities & in development of the facial bones, ht. & wt. increased y 2 in. & 4.5-6.5 lbs,motor skills boys=stronger girls=more graceful & accurate,body loses babyfat
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| Physical characteristics school age 6-12 cont'd | vision 20/20, permanent teeth, P=55-90,r=22-24,b/p=110-65
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| Physical characteristics adolescence (12-19) | begins @ puberty & to accompany those changes is in personality. Primary changes-reproductive changes (ovaries,breasts,uterus,testes,penis) secondary-(devlpmt of pubic & facial hair,voice changes,& fat deposits)
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| Physical characteristics adolescence (12-19)cont'd | 2nd major period of growth females grow 2-8in (5-20 cm),males grow 4-12in (10-30 cm),females gain 15-55lbs(7-25 kg)males gain 15-65lbs(7-30kg)females-fat males-muscle,1st menstrual cycle signals adolescence,body shape r sex differentiated after puberty
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| Physical characteristics adolescence (12-19) cont'd | males-broader shoulders,larger limbs,narrower hips. females-larger breasts,narrower waist wider hips and a lower center of gravity
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| Preschool vitals 3-5 yrs. | Heart rate 70-110, Respiratory 23 breaths per min at rest, blood pressure 110/60, Temp-97 F-99F
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| At what age girls usually reach 98% of their height | 16-17 yrs.
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| Kohlberg's Moral Development for preschool- Punishment–obedience orientationAge 2–4 years (preconventional morality) | Determines good vs. bad dependent upon associated punishmentChildren may learn inappropriate behavior @ this stage if parental intervention doesn't occur (if the child hits, bites, or is verbally disrespectful but is not punished for these activities,
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| Kohlberg's Moral Development for preschool- Punishment–obedience orientationAge 2–4 years (preconventional morality)cont'd | child will view those behaviors good & continue 2 participate in them)
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| Frued's Psychosexual for preschool to Phallic stageAge 3–7 years | Child’s pleasure centers on genitalia and masturbation. Superego is developing and conscience is emerging.Oedipal stage occurs: jealousy and rivalry toward same-sex parent, withlove of the opposite-sex parent.
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| Frued's Psychosexual for preschool to adolescence Phallic stageAge 3–7 years cont'd | This usually resolves by the end of thepreschool years, when the child develops a strong identification with thesame-sex parent.
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| examples of nondairy foods that will provide calcium | broccoli & leafy greens
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| Frued's Psychosexual for School Latency | A time of tranquility between the Oedipal phase of early childhood and adolescence—focuses on activities that develop social and cognitive
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| Kohlberg's Moral Development for School Age- Punishment onventionalStage 3: interpersonalconforming,“good child,bad child”Age 7–10 yearsStage 4: “law and order”Age 10–12 yea | n act is wrong because it brings punishmentBehavior is completely wrong or rightDoes not understand the reason behind rulesIf child and adult differ in opinions, the adult is
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| Kohlberg's Moral Development for Adolescence- Punishment Postconventional Level IIIEarly (11–14 years)Middle (14–17 years)Late (17–20 years) | orals based upon peer, family, church, and societal moralsAsks broad, usually unanswerable questions about lifeDeveloping own set of morals—evaluates individual morals inrelation to peer, family, and societal
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| Kohlberg's Moral Development for School Age- Punishment onventionalStage 3: interpersonalconforming,“good child,bad child”Age 7–10 yearsStage 4: “law and order”Age 10–12 year cont'd | rightCan put self in another person’s positionBegins to exercise the “golden rule”Acts are judged in terms of intention, not just punishment
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| Frued's Psychosexual for School Latency cont'd | skillsDevelops social skills in relating to same-sex friends through joining clubslike Brownies, Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts
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| Kohlberg's Moral Development for Adolescence- Punishment Postconventional Level IIIEarly (11–14 years)Middle (14–17 years)Late (17–20 years) cont'd | moralsInternalizes own morals and valuesContinues to compare own morals and values to those of societyEvaluates morals of others
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