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The Heart-12

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
show Apex  
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Larger, flat portion of the heart opposite the point.   show
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Tough, fibrous connective tissue outer layer of the pericardium   show
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Inner layer of the pericardium; a layer of flat epithelial cells   show
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show Parietal pericardium  
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Serous pericardium that covers the heart surface   show
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Space between the visceral and parietal pericardia.   show
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show Pericardial fluid  
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show Coronary sulcus  
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show Venae cavae  
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Carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium   show
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Carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs   show
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Carries blood from the left ventricle to the body   show
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Supply blood to the tissues of the heart.   show
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. Large vein that drains the cardiac veins of the heart and empties into the right atrium   show
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show Left coronary artery  
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show Right coronary artery  
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show Cardiac veins  
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Wall that separates the right and left atria   show
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Wall that separates the right and left ventricles.   show
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show Tricuspid valve  
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Atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.   show
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Cone-shaped muscular pillars in each ventricle.   show
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show Chordae tendineae  
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show Semilunar valves  
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show Skeleton of the heart  
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Blood flows into the right atrium from the (1) , which returns blood from all the tissues of the body   show
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show Right ventricle  
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Contraction of the right ventricle pushes blood against the (3) , which closes, and the (4) , which opens, allowing blood to enter the (5) .   show
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show Pulmonary arteries,Left atrium,. Pulmonary veins  
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show Bicuspid (mitral) valve  
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show Aortic semilunar valve  
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Thin serous membrane forming the smooth outer surface of the heart; also called visceral pericardium.   show
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show Myocardium  
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Smooth inner surface of the heart chambers; composed of simple squamous epithelium over connective tissue.   show
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The energy for cardiac muscle contraction is provided by (1) .   show
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Cardiac muscle cells have many (2) , where ATP is produced at a rapid enough rate to sustain muscle contraction.   show
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show Oxygen  
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The cardiac muscle cells are bound to each other by specialized cell-to-cell contacts called (4) , which reduce electrical resistance between cells, allowing action potentials to pass from cell to cell.   show
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In cardiac muscle, a period of slow repolarization called the (1) phase greatly prolongs the action potential.   show
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The depolarization phase of the action potential occurs when voltage-gated (2) open, allowing sodium ions to diffuse into the cell.   show
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When the membrane potential reaches its maximum depolarization, voltage-gated sodium ion channels (3) .   show
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show Calcium ion channels  
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show Potassium ion channels, Repolarization  
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Cardiac muscle cells in the SA node have a larger number of voltagegated (7) than other areas of the heart. When their channels open spontaneously, calcium ions diffuse into cardiac muscle causing depolarization   show
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When the depolarization reaches (8) , this causes the SA node to produce action potentials.   show
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Action potentials in cardiac muscle cells exhibit a (9) that lasts about as long as the prolonged action potential, and prevents tetanic contractions from occurring.   show
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show SA node  
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Located in the lower portion of the right atrium; slows rate of action potential conduction.   show
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Conducting cells that arise from the AV node; rapid action potential conduction occurs here.   show
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Right and left subdivisions of the atrioventricular bundle   show
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show Purkinje fibers  
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Record of action potentials during depolarization of the atrial myocardium.   show
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Record of action potentials from depolarization of the ventricles.   show
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show T wave  
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show P-Q (P-R) interval  
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Length of time required for ventricular depolarization and repolarization.   show
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Process that causes the last 30% of ventricular volume to fill.   show
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Increases ventricular pressure; bicuspid and tricuspid valves close and aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves open.   show
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show Ventricular diastole  
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show First heart sound  
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show Second heart sound  
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Caused by leaky valve; swishing sound after valve closure   show
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show Stenosed valve  
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show Cardiac output  
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Volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts   show
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show Heart rate  
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show Venous return  
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show Preload  
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show Increased  
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In response to increased preload, cardiac muscles contract with (4) force. Greater force causes a(n) (5) volume of blood to be ejected from the heart, resulting in (6) stroke volume.   show
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Stretch also causes a slightly (7) heart rate. Therefore, if venous return is decreased, cardiac output is (8) , whereas, if venous return is increased, cardiac output is (9) .   show
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This direct relationship between preload and cardiac output is called (10) . (11) refers to the pressure against which the ventricles must pump blood.   show
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show Increased  
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show Baroreceptors  
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Sensory receptors sensitive to changes in pH and carbon dioxide levels.   show
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. Part of the medulla that receives and integrates action potentials from baroreceptors.   show
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show Decreases  
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Excitement, anxiety, or anger increases sympathetic stimulation of the heart, which _____ cardiac output.   show
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show Increase  
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show Increase  
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show Decrease  
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Decreased body temperature _____ heart rate   show
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List four functions of the heart.   show
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Name the four valves that regulate blood flow in the heart, and give their location.   show
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show P wave: caused by depolarization of the atria, atrial systole; QRS complex: caused by depolarization of the ventricles, ventricular systole; T wave: caused by repolarization of the ventricles, ventricular diastole.  
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List the two normal heart sounds, and give the reason for each.   show
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List the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of the heart.   show
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show  
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