The Heart-12 Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Blunt, rounded point; most inferior part of the heart	Apex
Larger, flat portion of the heart opposite the point.	Base
Tough, fibrous connective tissue outer layer of the pericardium	Fibrous pericardium
Inner layer of the pericardium; a layer of flat epithelial cells	Serous pericardium
Serous pericardium that lines the fibrous pericardium.	Parietal pericardium
Serous pericardium that covers the heart surface	Visceral pericardium
Space between the visceral and parietal pericardia.	Pericardial cavity
Fluid in the pericardial cavity that helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac	Pericardial fluid
Groove that runs around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles.	Coronary sulcus
Carry blood from the body to the right atrium.	Venae cavae
Carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium	Pulmonary veins
Carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs	Pulmonary trunk and arteries
Carries blood from the left ventricle to the body	Aorta
Supply blood to the tissues of the heart.	Coronary arteries
. Large vein that drains the cardiac veins of the heart and empties into the right atrium	Coronary sinus
Supplies blood to much of the anterior wall of the heart and most of the left ventricle	Left coronary artery
Supplies blood to most of the wall of the right ventricle.	Right coronary artery
Drain blood from cardiac muscle; empty into coronary sinus.	Cardiac veins
Wall that separates the right and left atria	Interatrial septum
Wall that separates the right and left ventricles.	Interventricular septum
Atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and right ventricle	Tricuspid valve
Atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.	Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Cone-shaped muscular pillars in each ventricle.	Papillary muscles
Connective tissue strings connecting papillary muscles with the cusps of atrioventricular valves.	Chordae tendineae
Valves with three cusps found in the aorta and pulmonary trunk.	Semilunar valves
Plate of fibrous connective tissue that provides support, electrical insulation, and rigid attachment for cardiac muscle	Skeleton of the heart
Blood flows into the right atrium from the (1) , which returns blood from all the tissues of the body	Systemic circulation
Blood then flows into the (2) , which completes filling as the right atrium contracts	Right ventricle
Contraction of the right ventricle pushes blood against the (3) , which closes, and the (4) , which opens, allowing blood to enter the (5) .	Tricuspid valve, Pulmonary semilunar valve, Pulmonary trunk
The (6) carry blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released, and oxygen is picked up. Blood returning from the lungs enters the (7) through the four (8)	Pulmonary arteries,Left atrium,. Pulmonary veins
Blood passing from the left atrium to the left ventricle opens the (9) , and contraction of the left atrium completes filling of the left ventricle	Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Contraction of the left ventricle opens the (10) allowing blood to enter the aorta.	Aortic semilunar valve
Thin serous membrane forming the smooth outer surface of the heart; also called visceral pericardium.	Epicardium
Thick middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle.	Myocardium
Smooth inner surface of the heart chambers; composed of simple squamous epithelium over connective tissue.	Endocardium
The energy for cardiac muscle contraction is provided by (1) .	ATP
Cardiac muscle cells have many (2) , where ATP is produced at a rapid enough rate to sustain muscle contraction.	Mitochondria
(3) must be supplied to the cells, because, unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cannot develop a significant oxygen debt	Oxygen
The cardiac muscle cells are bound to each other by specialized cell-to-cell contacts called (4) , which reduce electrical resistance between cells, allowing action potentials to pass from cell to cell.	Intercalated disk
In cardiac muscle, a period of slow repolarization called the (1) phase greatly prolongs the action potential.	Plateau
The depolarization phase of the action potential occurs when voltage-gated (2) open, allowing sodium ions to diffuse into the cell.	Sodium ion channels
When the membrane potential reaches its maximum depolarization, voltage-gated sodium ion channels (3) .	Close
Depolarization in the cardiac muscle causes voltage-gated (4) to open, however, and calcium ions move into the cell and keep it depolarized, resulting in the plateau phase.	Calcium ion channels
At the end of the plateau phase, voltage-gated (5) open and potassium ions move out of the cell, causing (6) .	Potassium ion channels, Repolarization
Cardiac muscle cells in the SA node have a larger number of voltagegated (7) than other areas of the heart. When their channels open spontaneously, calcium ions diffuse into cardiac muscle causing depolarization	Calcium ion channels
When the depolarization reaches (8) , this causes the SA node to produce action potentials.	Threshold
Action potentials in cardiac muscle cells exhibit a (9) that lasts about as long as the prolonged action potential, and prevents tetanic contractions from occurring.	Refractory period
Located in upper wall of right atrium; initiates contraction of the heart.	SA node
Located in the lower portion of the right atrium; slows rate of action potential conduction.	AV node
Conducting cells that arise from the AV node; rapid action potential conduction occurs here.	AV bundle
Right and left subdivisions of the atrioventricular bundle	Bundle branches
Numerous small branches of conducting tissue that extend around the apex of the ventricles.	Purkinje fibers
Record of action potentials during depolarization of the atrial myocardium.	P wave
Record of action potentials from depolarization of the ventricles.	QRS complex
Record of repolarization of the ventricles.	T wave
Time during which the atria contract and begin to relax.	P-Q (P-R) interval
Length of time required for ventricular depolarization and repolarization.	Q-T interval
Process that causes the last 30% of ventricular volume to fill.	Atrial systole
Increases ventricular pressure; bicuspid and tricuspid valves close and aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves open.	Ventricular systole
Decreases ventricular pressure; aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close and bicuspid and tricuspid valves open.	Ventricular diastole
Occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole; results from the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves.	First heart sound
Results from the closure of semilunar valves.	Second heart sound
Caused by leaky valve; swishing sound after valve closure	Murmur
Narrowed valve; swishing sound before valve closure.	Stenosed valve
Volume of blood pumped by either ventricle of the heart each minute (stroke volume X heart rate).	Cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts	Stroke volume
Number of times the heart contracts each minute	Heart rate
The amount of blood that returns to the heart is called (1) .	Venous return
The degree to which ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole is called (2) .	Preload
If venous return is (3) , the heart fills to a greater volume, which stretches the cardiac muscle fibers, producing increased preload.	Increased
In response to increased preload, cardiac muscles contract with (4) force. Greater force causes a(n) (5) volume of blood to be ejected from the heart, resulting in (6) stroke volume.	Increased,Increased,Increased
Stretch also causes a slightly (7) heart rate. Therefore, if venous return is decreased, cardiac output is (8) , whereas, if venous return is increased, cardiac output is (9) .	Increased,Decreased,Increased
This direct relationship between preload and cardiac output is called (10) . (11) refers to the pressure against which the ventricles must pump blood.	Starling's law of the heart,Afterload
People suffering from hypertension have a(n) (12) afterload.	Increased
Sensory receptors sensitive to the stretch of the walls of the aorta and internal carotid arteries.	Baroreceptors
Sensory receptors sensitive to changes in pH and carbon dioxide levels.	Chemoreceptors
. Part of the medulla that receives and integrates action potentials from baroreceptors.	Cardioregulatory center
Increased blood pressure causes stretching of baroreceptors, which increases parasympathetic stimulation and _____ heart rate.	Decreases
Excitement, anxiety, or anger increases sympathetic stimulation of the heart, which _____ cardiac output.	Increases
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla _____ heart rate and stroke volume	Increase
Decrease in pH and an increase in carbon dioxide _____ sympathetic stimulation of the heart.	Increase
Excess potassium ions _____ heart rate	Decrease
Decreased body temperature _____ heart rate	Decreases
List four functions of the heart.	Generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way blood flow, and regulating blood supply
Name the four valves that regulate blood flow in the heart, and give their location.	Tricuspid valve: between right atrium and right ventricle; bicuspid (mitral) valve: between left atrium and left ventricle; pulmonary semilunar valve: in the pulmonary trunk; aortic semilunar valve: in the aorta.
State the cause of the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave of the ECG. Name the contraction event associated with each wave.	P wave: caused by depolarization of the atria, atrial systole; QRS complex: caused by depolarization of the ventricles, ventricular systole; T wave: caused by repolarization of the ventricles, ventricular diastole.
List the two normal heart sounds, and give the reason for each.	First heart sound: closing of tricuspid and bicuspid valves and vibration of ventricle walls; second heart sound: closing of semilunar valves.
List the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of the heart.	Parasympathetic stimulation: decreased heart rate; sympathetic stimulation: increased heart rate and stroke volume.
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Created by: kc66501