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Blunt, rounded point; most inferior part of the heart
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Larger, flat portion of the heart opposite the point.
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The Heart-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blunt, rounded point; most inferior part of the heart | Apex |
| Larger, flat portion of the heart opposite the point. | Base |
| Tough, fibrous connective tissue outer layer of the pericardium | Fibrous pericardium |
| Inner layer of the pericardium; a layer of flat epithelial cells | Serous pericardium |
| Serous pericardium that lines the fibrous pericardium. | Parietal pericardium |
| Serous pericardium that covers the heart surface | Visceral pericardium |
| Space between the visceral and parietal pericardia. | Pericardial cavity |
| Fluid in the pericardial cavity that helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac | Pericardial fluid |
| Groove that runs around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles. | Coronary sulcus |
| Carry blood from the body to the right atrium. | Venae cavae |
| Carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium | Pulmonary veins |
| Carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs | Pulmonary trunk and arteries |
| Carries blood from the left ventricle to the body | Aorta |
| Supply blood to the tissues of the heart. | Coronary arteries |
| . Large vein that drains the cardiac veins of the heart and empties into the right atrium | Coronary sinus |
| Supplies blood to much of the anterior wall of the heart and most of the left ventricle | Left coronary artery |
| Supplies blood to most of the wall of the right ventricle. | Right coronary artery |
| Drain blood from cardiac muscle; empty into coronary sinus. | Cardiac veins |
| Wall that separates the right and left atria | Interatrial septum |
| Wall that separates the right and left ventricles. | Interventricular septum |
| Atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and right ventricle | Tricuspid valve |
| Atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle. | Bicuspid (mitral) valve |
| Cone-shaped muscular pillars in each ventricle. | Papillary muscles |
| Connective tissue strings connecting papillary muscles with the cusps of atrioventricular valves. | Chordae tendineae |
| Valves with three cusps found in the aorta and pulmonary trunk. | Semilunar valves |
| Plate of fibrous connective tissue that provides support, electrical insulation, and rigid attachment for cardiac muscle | Skeleton of the heart |
| Blood flows into the right atrium from the (1) , which returns blood from all the tissues of the body | Systemic circulation |
| Blood then flows into the (2) , which completes filling as the right atrium contracts | Right ventricle |
| Contraction of the right ventricle pushes blood against the (3) , which closes, and the (4) , which opens, allowing blood to enter the (5) . | Tricuspid valve, Pulmonary semilunar valve, Pulmonary trunk |
| The (6) carry blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released, and oxygen is picked up. Blood returning from the lungs enters the (7) through the four (8) | Pulmonary arteries,Left atrium,. Pulmonary veins |
| Blood passing from the left atrium to the left ventricle opens the (9) , and contraction of the left atrium completes filling of the left ventricle | Bicuspid (mitral) valve |
| Contraction of the left ventricle opens the (10) allowing blood to enter the aorta. | Aortic semilunar valve |
| Thin serous membrane forming the smooth outer surface of the heart; also called visceral pericardium. | Epicardium |
| Thick middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle. | Myocardium |
| Smooth inner surface of the heart chambers; composed of simple squamous epithelium over connective tissue. | Endocardium |
| The energy for cardiac muscle contraction is provided by (1) . | ATP |
| Cardiac muscle cells have many (2) , where ATP is produced at a rapid enough rate to sustain muscle contraction. | Mitochondria |
| (3) must be supplied to the cells, because, unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cannot develop a significant oxygen debt | Oxygen |
| The cardiac muscle cells are bound to each other by specialized cell-to-cell contacts called (4) , which reduce electrical resistance between cells, allowing action potentials to pass from cell to cell. | Intercalated disk |
| In cardiac muscle, a period of slow repolarization called the (1) phase greatly prolongs the action potential. | Plateau |
| The depolarization phase of the action potential occurs when voltage-gated (2) open, allowing sodium ions to diffuse into the cell. | Sodium ion channels |
| When the membrane potential reaches its maximum depolarization, voltage-gated sodium ion channels (3) . | Close |
| Depolarization in the cardiac muscle causes voltage-gated (4) to open, however, and calcium ions move into the cell and keep it depolarized, resulting in the plateau phase. | Calcium ion channels |
| At the end of the plateau phase, voltage-gated (5) open and potassium ions move out of the cell, causing (6) . | Potassium ion channels, Repolarization |
| Cardiac muscle cells in the SA node have a larger number of voltagegated (7) than other areas of the heart. When their channels open spontaneously, calcium ions diffuse into cardiac muscle causing depolarization | Calcium ion channels |
| When the depolarization reaches (8) , this causes the SA node to produce action potentials. | Threshold |
| Action potentials in cardiac muscle cells exhibit a (9) that lasts about as long as the prolonged action potential, and prevents tetanic contractions from occurring. | Refractory period |
| Located in upper wall of right atrium; initiates contraction of the heart. | SA node |
| Located in the lower portion of the right atrium; slows rate of action potential conduction. | AV node |
| Conducting cells that arise from the AV node; rapid action potential conduction occurs here. | AV bundle |
| Right and left subdivisions of the atrioventricular bundle | Bundle branches |
| Numerous small branches of conducting tissue that extend around the apex of the ventricles. | Purkinje fibers |
| Record of action potentials during depolarization of the atrial myocardium. | P wave |
| Record of action potentials from depolarization of the ventricles. | QRS complex |
| Record of repolarization of the ventricles. | T wave |
| Time during which the atria contract and begin to relax. | P-Q (P-R) interval |
| Length of time required for ventricular depolarization and repolarization. | Q-T interval |
| Process that causes the last 30% of ventricular volume to fill. | Atrial systole |
| Increases ventricular pressure; bicuspid and tricuspid valves close and aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves open. | Ventricular systole |
| Decreases ventricular pressure; aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close and bicuspid and tricuspid valves open. | Ventricular diastole |
| Occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole; results from the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves. | First heart sound |
| Results from the closure of semilunar valves. | Second heart sound |
| Caused by leaky valve; swishing sound after valve closure | Murmur |
| Narrowed valve; swishing sound before valve closure. | Stenosed valve |
| Volume of blood pumped by either ventricle of the heart each minute (stroke volume X heart rate). | Cardiac output |
| Volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts | Stroke volume |
| Number of times the heart contracts each minute | Heart rate |
| The amount of blood that returns to the heart is called (1) . | Venous return |
| The degree to which ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole is called (2) . | Preload |
| If venous return is (3) , the heart fills to a greater volume, which stretches the cardiac muscle fibers, producing increased preload. | Increased |
| In response to increased preload, cardiac muscles contract with (4) force. Greater force causes a(n) (5) volume of blood to be ejected from the heart, resulting in (6) stroke volume. | Increased,Increased,Increased |
| Stretch also causes a slightly (7) heart rate. Therefore, if venous return is decreased, cardiac output is (8) , whereas, if venous return is increased, cardiac output is (9) . | Increased,Decreased,Increased |
| This direct relationship between preload and cardiac output is called (10) . (11) refers to the pressure against which the ventricles must pump blood. | Starling's law of the heart,Afterload |
| People suffering from hypertension have a(n) (12) afterload. | Increased |
| Sensory receptors sensitive to the stretch of the walls of the aorta and internal carotid arteries. | Baroreceptors |
| Sensory receptors sensitive to changes in pH and carbon dioxide levels. | Chemoreceptors |
| . Part of the medulla that receives and integrates action potentials from baroreceptors. | Cardioregulatory center |
| Increased blood pressure causes stretching of baroreceptors, which increases parasympathetic stimulation and _____ heart rate. | Decreases |
| Excitement, anxiety, or anger increases sympathetic stimulation of the heart, which _____ cardiac output. | Increases |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla _____ heart rate and stroke volume | Increase |
| Decrease in pH and an increase in carbon dioxide _____ sympathetic stimulation of the heart. | Increase |
| Excess potassium ions _____ heart rate | Decrease |
| Decreased body temperature _____ heart rate | Decreases |
| List four functions of the heart. | Generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way blood flow, and regulating blood supply |
| Name the four valves that regulate blood flow in the heart, and give their location. | Tricuspid valve: between right atrium and right ventricle; bicuspid (mitral) valve: between left atrium and left ventricle; pulmonary semilunar valve: in the pulmonary trunk; aortic semilunar valve: in the aorta. |
| State the cause of the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave of the ECG. Name the contraction event associated with each wave. | P wave: caused by depolarization of the atria, atrial systole; QRS complex: caused by depolarization of the ventricles, ventricular systole; T wave: caused by repolarization of the ventricles, ventricular diastole. |
| List the two normal heart sounds, and give the reason for each. | First heart sound: closing of tricuspid and bicuspid valves and vibration of ventricle walls; second heart sound: closing of semilunar valves. |
| List the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of the heart. | Parasympathetic stimulation: decreased heart rate; sympathetic stimulation: increased heart rate and stroke volume. |
| c |
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kc66501