basics of plant growth / genetic engineering and biotechnology
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| what are two ways that growth occurs? | 1. enlargement of a single leaf, fruit, stem, or root
2. the formation of new cells
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| Three areas of growth | 1. the stems and roots
2. axils of leaves
3. cambium layer in stems and roots
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| differentiation | is the change in cells that results in the formation of a specialized part
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| development | growth and differentiation
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| genes | basic unit of inheritance
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| gametes | egg and sperm
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| alleles | different forms of the same gene, same location
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| genome | complete set of instructions for making a plant or any organism (like blueprints)
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| chromosomes | tightly coiled threads of DNA organized into structures
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| consists of two strands wrapped around each other | DNA
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| what is DNA made of? | Sugar and phosphate molecules
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| how are the strands of DNA connected? | nitrogen-containing chemicals called bases
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| adenine binds with what? | thymine
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| cytosine binds with what? | guanime
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| why do specific bases have to bind with each other? | Space
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| the rules of base pairing are often referred to as what? | Watson-Crick base pairing
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| gene | specific sequence of nucleotide's bases and they carry information of protein construction.
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| proteins | provide the structural components of cells, tissues, and enzymes
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| what are proteins made up of? | amino acids
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| how many different amino acids are found in proteins | 20
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| Codons | three DNA bases that control what protein is made
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| 1 protein needs how many base pairs? | about 3000
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| protein-coding is done through what | mRNA
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| how are genes expressed? | RNA
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| where is RNA transcribed | in the nucleus
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| what happens to the RNA after it is made? | moved to the cytoplasm where it serves as a template for protein synthesis
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| what is gene action controlled by? | hormones and nutrients
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| heredity | controls the factors affecting characteristics of any organism
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| what are 5 different plant hormones | 1. auxins
2. cytokins
3. gibberellins
4. abscisic acid
5. ethylene
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| what is auxins responsible for? | elongations and stem bending
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| what is cytokins responsible for? | cell division
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| what is gibberellins responsible for? | elongation
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| what is abscisic acid responsible for? | many functions
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| what is ethylene responsible for? | ripening
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| turgor pressure | internal water pressure extending the walls
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| what environmental factor effects nutrient uptake and hormonal activity? | temperature and light
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| what environmental factor effects pigmentation? | wavelengths
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| what are all physiological activity directly related too | temperature
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| what are plant hormones and regulators sometimes referred to as? | bio-stimulants or bio-inhibitors
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| what do plant hormones and regulators do? | work inside cells to inhibit or stimulate specific enzymes or enzyme systems and assist in regulating plant metabolism
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| plant hormones can be used to do what in agriculture? | 1. prevent lodging
2. synchronize maturity
3. weed control
4. promote germination
5. improve crop yields
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| with biotechnology are we acceleration the natural selection process? | yes
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| with the use of biotechnology is plant breeding any different then the natural selection process? | yes because it is not natural and we may be creating organisms that might not otherwise have existed.
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| what is the advantage of biotechnology over selective breeding? | 1. more specific
2. faster
3. flexibility
4. less expense
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| how does biotechnology cause less expense? | 1. less pesticide use
2. less cost to the environment
3. less medications for animals
4. less crop loss
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| biotechnology definition | methods for the manipulation of genetic information to create life forms that may not have emerged in nature.
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| 4 major scientific revolutions of this century | 1. unlocking the atom
2. escaping earth's gravity
3. computer revolution
4. biotechnology
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| genetic engineering (manipulation) | process of taking genes from their normal location in one organism and either transferring them elsewhere or putting them back into the original organism in a different combination
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| what is recombinant DNA (rDNA) | genes that have been cut, reconstructed, and inserted into existing DNA
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| how do we break DNA at certain points | enzymes
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| plasmids | small circles of DNA that pass easily from cell to cell
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| insulin | yeast or bacteria based insulin is replacing animal based insulin
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| interferon | protein that helps with MS, Cancer, and Viruses
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| Hormones | BST
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| what are current uses of biotechnology | 1. resistance to pests
2. resistance to disease
3. higher Quality food
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